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Can subliminal messages motivate behaviour? Can you train your brain to increase your intelligence? Does parenting style affect personality?
Psychologists and non-psychologists looking to understand human behaviour and cognition are forced to contend with a number of complexities unique to the field. Not least amongst these is the fact that psychology lacks the superficially attractive precision of theories in the hard sciences. It is inevitable, then, that non-psychologists are susceptible to numerous psychological myths.
In this thought-provoking exploration of 43 of the most common psychological myths, Michael W. Eysenck examines the complexity of psychological science as well as the distortion of data, not only through the media, but also by researchers, textbook writers, and individuals themselves. He challenges the notion that the substantial progress made by psychology has provided enough convincing experimental evidence to successfully demolish these inaccuracies and explores the ways in which psychological research should be systematically improved so that psychology can take its place as a robust scientific discipline. Highly engaging, this is an informative read for psychologists at all levels, as well as members of the general public interested in challenging their own psychological understanding.
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Is psychology a science?
"Psychology is an inferior kind of science"
Reproducibility and the 'replication crisis'
Highly controlled experimental conditions
Clearly defined terminology
Predictability and testability: the 'theory crisis'
What should psychologists do?
Psychology is a different kind of science
Myths in psychology
Chapter 2: Visual perception
Myth: subliminal messages can motivate people's behaviour without their awareness
Myth: we generally detect changes in objects
Myth: visual perception provides us with very rich and accurate information about the environment at a glance
Myth: everyone agrees on the colour of a dress (or #theDress)
Myth: most people are 'face experts'
Why do we believe so many myths about visual perception?
Chapter 3: Mysteries of memory
Myth: "Memory is like a video camera"
Myth: memories do not change over time: they are permanent
Myth: repression and 'return of the repressed' are very common
Myth: amnesic patients have forgotten their pasts
Myth: the only function of (episodic) memory is to provide access to our past experiences
Myth: forgetting is a bad thing
Chapter 4: Thinking and cognition
Myth: 10,000 hours of practice produce outstanding performance
Myth: brain training improves your brain functioning and intelligence
Myth: we only use 10% of our brains
Myth: Artificial Intelligence (AI) will soon be much more intelligent than humans
Myth: nudges are very effective at changing people's behaviour
Chapter 5: Intelligence
Myth: there are multiple intelligences in the human mind
Myth: it is important to match teaching methods to learning styles
Myth: emotional intelligence is helpful in life
Myth: IQ scores only measure how good someone is at taking intelligence tests
Myth: intelligence does not depend on genetic factors
Chapter 6: Personality
Myth: high self-esteem is highly desirable (and low self-esteem very undesirable)
Myth: situational factors overwhelm personality when predicting behaviour
Myth: personality measures do not predict consequential outcomes (like health, wealth and divorce) well enough to be useful
Myth: parenting practices are a major source of personality differences
Myth: men are from Mars, women are from Venus (men and women have dramatically different personalities)
Chapter 7: Social psychology
Myth: Milgram proved that most people will obey immoral orders
Myth: crowds typically panic in threatening situations
Myth: Zimbardo proved that the power structure in prisons makes guards aggressive and violent
Myth: individual differences in attitudes are mostly learned
Myth: happiness is influenced most strongly by what happens to us
Chapter 8: Mental disorders and their treatment
Myth: mental illnesses are due almost entirely to people's life experiences
Myth: psychiatric diagnoses or labels stigmatise people
Myth: The Rorschach Inkblot test is a very useful way of diagnosing most mental illnesses
Myth: people with multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder) have more than one distinct personality
Myth: most psychotherapy requires lying on a couch and recalling one's childhood
Myth: antidepressants are much more effective than psychotherapy for treating depression
Chapter 9: Psychology and the law
Myth: an eyewitness's confidence is never a good predictor of their identification accuracy
Myth: experts can nearly always identify the culprit from fingerprinting evidence
Myth: DNA tests are almost infallible for identifying culprits
Myth: the polygraph test is very good at detecting lying
Myth: hypnosis enhances eyewitnesses' memory
Myth: Offender profiling is (very) useful in identifying culprits
Chapter 10: How to become a mythbuster
Why do people subscribe to myths?
Distorted research: biased experimental design, reporting and interpretations of findings
Biased textbook coverage
Members of the public: confirmation bias or wishful thinking
Members of the public: deficient thinking about intrinsically improbable beliefs
Members of the public: mistaken extrapolation from limited personal experience
Members of the public: plausible beliefs based on general knowledge (kernel of truth)
Conclusions
Chapter 11: Brave new world
Experiments: the gold standard?
Developing new methods
Experimenter bias
The jingle-jangle fallacies
Granularity problem
Scientific analysis: meta-analysis
Scientific reporting
Psychology as a cumulative science
Conclusions
References
