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Full Description
This book surveys the full panorama of ten centuries of Christian monastic life. It moves from the deserts of Egypt and the Frankish monasteries of early medieval Europe to the religious ruptures of the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the reforms of the later Middle Ages. Throughout that story the book balances a rich sense of detail with a broader synthetic view. It presents the history of religious life and its orders as a complex braid woven from multiple strands: individual and community, spirit and institution, rule and custom, church and world. The result is a synthesis that places religious life at the center of European history and presents its institutions as key catalysts of Europe's move toward modernity.
Contents
Contents
Foreword by Giles Constable xi
Preface xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
Translator's Note xvii
1. The Beginnings 1
Retreat from the World 1
The Establishment of Monastic Communities 7
The First Monasteries in Europe 13
2. The Benedictine Rule and Its Longevity 24
Benedict as "Textual Trace" 24
The Rule of Saint Benedict 29
The Career of Benedict and His Rule 34
The Second Benedict and the Reform of the Frankish Monasteries 38
3. The Flowering of the Benedictines 50
A New Beginning in Lotharingia 50
Cluny: The Establishment of Monastic Liberty 5 4
The "Cluniac Church": A Congregation of Monasteries 63
Ordo Cluniacensis 67
Church for the World 72
Monastic Life in Service of King and Nobility, Pope and Bishop 80
4. Return to the Desert 89
The New Hermits 89
To Live by One's Own Law 94
Charismatic Preaching and Religious Movements 109
A Return to the Institutions of the Church 120
5. The Regular Canons: The Clergy's New Self-Understanding 125
6. The Cistercians: Collegiality Instead of Hierarchy 136
Robert's Path from Molesme to Cîteaux and Back 136
The Measure of the Pure Rule 141
The Charter of Charity and the Invention of the "Order" 146
7. The Success of the Cistercian Model 158
From the Premonstratensians to the Gilbertines and the Carthusians 158
Cluny, Knights, and Hospitals: The Reform of Older Congregations and the Creation of New "Functional" Orders 166
8. Diversity and Competition 180
9. New Concepts of Belief 186
The Search for Religious Identity 186
Beguines and Humiliati: A New Lay Piety 193
"Holy Preachers" and "Lesser Brothers" 200
10. The Franciscans: A Mendicant Order with the Whole World as Its Monastery 206
Francis of Assisi and His Community 206
The Legacy of Francis 216 Clare of Assisi 225
11. The Dominicans: Holy Preaching and Pastoral Care 232
Dominic and the Building of a New Order 232
Rationality and Constitution in the Service of the Salvation of Souls 239
12. Transformations of Eremitical Life 249
The Carmelites: From the Mountain into the Cities 250
The Augustinian Hermits 256
13. A New Chapter in the Story of the Vita Religiosa 263
The Three Ages of Salvation History 263
Eremitical Congregations and the Work of Peter of Morrone 267
Devotio Moderna 276
The Revelations of Birgitta 280
14. Mendicant Orders in Conflict: Struggles over Poverty and Observance 286
15. Reformers and Reforms at the End of the Middle Ages 298
Reform from Above: Pope Benedict XII 298
Reform from Below: The Rise of the Observants 306
16. A Look Back 313
17. Fundamental Structures of the Vita Religiosa in the Middle Ages 316
The Individual and the Community 318
The Monastery and the Law 332
Institutional Forms: Establishment and Preservation 342
Constructing Particular Pasts 349
Cloister and World 353
Temporalia 359
On the Search for God toward Knowledge of the World 364
Chronology 373
Map 382 Bibliography 384
Image Credits 432
Index of People and Places 433
Index of Monasteries, Congregations, and Orders 440
