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Full Description
Within a mere decade, hospital pharmacies throughout the Tibetan areas of the People's Republic of China have been converted into pharmaceutical companies. Confronted with the logic of capital and profit, these companies now produce commodities for a nationwide market. While these developments are depicted as a big success in China, they have also been met with harsh criticism in Tibet. At stake is a fundamental (re-)manufacturing of Tibetan medicine as a system of knowledge and practice. Being important both to the agenda of the Party State's policies on Tibet and to Tibetan self-understanding, the Tibetan medicine industry has become an arena in which different visions of Tibet's future clash.
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgements
Notes on Transliteration and Transcription
Acronyms
Map of Tibet
Cast of Main Characters
Chapter 1. Introduction
Perspectives on Tibetan medicine
Aku Jinpa
Official Views
The Topic of Inquiry
Industrial Modernities
Tibetanness and the Moral Space of Tradition
The Industry as Assemblage
Language and Terminology
Chapter 2. The Creation of an Industry
Sowa Rigpa and TCM - Different Trajectories
Interference and Non-Interference
The Making of TCM
Tentative Integration of Sowa Rigpa
Textbooks, Standardised Practice and Pharmacy
From Pharmacy to Factory
Reform and Revival
Socialist Market Economy
Founding Shongpalhachu
Tibetan Drug Standards and Chinese Pharmacopoeia
The Introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice
Ownership and Investment
Relations Between GMP Factories and Hospitals
The SFDA and National Drug Registration
The Size of the Industry
Forces at Work
Chapter 3. Manufacturing Good Practice
GMP in China
The Steps of Production
Sourcing and Storage of Raw Materials
Simple Pre-Processing: Washing, Trimming, Sorting
Complex Pre-Processing: Tsothal
Grinding, Mixing, and Making Pills
Sterilisation
Drying
Rationales, Practicalities
Validation
Self-Inspection
Chapter 4. Raw Materials, Refined
Domestic Sourcing Strategies
Long-term Relations to Village Collectors
Cultivation
Commercial Traders
Transnational Trade and Border Regimes
Import licences
Trader Tactics
Taxonomy and Legibility
Business Cultures
CITES and Nepalese Authorities
Baru
Gyatig
Back to Tibet
Tactics and Strategies
Chapter 5. Knowledge, Property
Owners and Pirates
The Problem of Patents
Precious Pills, Precious Properties
Filtering Knowledge
'Old' and 'New' Knowledge
Randomised Controlled Trials
The Knowledge Commodity
Decoupling Forms of Knowledge
Property, Knowledge
Chapter 6. The Aesthetic Enterprise
Disenchantment, Enchantment
Mendrup
Rituals of GMP
Packaging Remedies
Design
Materiality
Advertisement
Three Campaigns
Visual Themes
The Buddhist Company
Yuthog
Spiritual Spa
Arura's Museum
Enchanting Whom?
Chapter 7. The Moral Economy of Tibetanness
The Tibetanness Economy
Preservation and Development
Civilisation, Culture
Theme Parks: Manufacturing Minzu
Exhibiting Sowa Rigpa and a Farewell to GMP
Morality and Spectacles of Authenticity
Real and Fake
Profit and the Ethics of Being a Doctor
The Problem of Trust
Balancing Profit with Altruism
Morality at Large
Building a Harmonious Society, Resisting Culture
The Moral Economy at Large
Chapter 8. Conclusions
Fallacies
One - Industry and Modernism
Two - Globalisation and Sinicisation
Three - Knowledge
Assemblage, Revisited
Contemporary by Assemblage
Territorial by Assemblage
Bibliography
Glossary
