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Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution reviews recent developments in this key component of the emerging "hydrogen economy," an energy infrastructure based on hydrogen. Since hydrogen can be produced without using fossil fuels, a move to such an economy has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy security. However, such a move also requires the advanced production, storage and usage techniques discussed in this book.
Part one introduces the fundamentals of hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, including an overview of the development of the necessary infrastructure, an analysis of the potential environmental benefits, and a review of some important hydrogen production technologies in conventional, bio-based, and nuclear power plants. Part two focuses on hydrogen production from renewable resources, and includes chapters outlining the production of hydrogen through water electrolysis, photocatalysis, and bioengineered algae. Finally, part three covers hydrogen production using inorganic membrane reactors, the storage of hydrogen, fuel cell technology, and the potential of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation.
Advances in Hydrogen Production, Storage and Distribution provides a detailed overview of the components and challenges of a hydrogen economy. This book is an invaluable resource for research and development professionals in the energy industry, as well as academics with an interest in this important subject.
Contents
Contributor contact details
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
Dedication
Preface
Part I: Fundamentals of hydrogen production
1. Key challenges in the development of an infrastructure for hydrogen production, delivery, storage and use
Abstract:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The hydrogen infrastructure
1.3 Building an infrastructure for the hydrogen economy
1.4 National planning for hydrogen infrastructure building
1.5 Conclusion: outlook for the hydrogen economy
1.6 Summary
1.7 Sources of further information and advice
1.8 References
1.9 Appendix: acronyms
2. Assessing the environmental impact of hydrogen energy production
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Self-regulating energy systems and materials circulation
2.3 An ideal energy system based on materials circulation
2.4 The environmental impact factor (EIF) of carbon and hydrogen
2.5 Local environmental impact factors for hydrogen and carbon in Japan
2.6 A green hydrogen energy system
2.7 Conclusions
2.8 References
2.9 Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms
3. Hydrogen production from fossil fuel and biomass feedstocks
Abstract:
3.1 Introduction: hydrogen from coal and natural gas
3.2 Partial oxidation (POX) technology
3.3 Steam reforming of natural gas and naphtha
3.4 Steam reforming and steam gasification of bio-feedstock
3.5 Economics and CO2 emissions of biomass gasification
3.6 Traditional feedstock purification: catalyst poison removal
3.7 Synthesis gas processing
3.8 Future trends and conclusions
3.9 References
3.10 Appendix: nomenclature
4. Hydrogen production in conventional, bio-based and nuclear power plants
Abstract:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrogen production in conventional and bio-based power plants
4.3 Combined carbon capture and storage (CCS)
4.4 Hydrogen production in nuclear power plants
4.5 Conclusions
4.6 References
4.7 Appendix: list of symbols and acronyms
5. Portable and small-scale stationary hydrogen production from micro-reactor systems
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Portable and small-scale hydrogen production
5.3 Microfluidic devices for process intensification
5.4 Feedstocks and technologies for hydrogen production in micro-reactors
5.5 Micro-reactor design: key issues for hydrogen production
5.6 Industrial scale-up and improvement of technology uptake
5.7 Process analysis and the business case
5.8 Future trends
5.9 Conclusions
5.11 Acknowledgments
5.10 Sources of further information and advice
5.12 References
5.13 Appendix: abbreviations
Part II: Hydrogen production from renewable sources
6. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrolytic hydrogen production
6.3 Types of electrolyzers
6.4 Water electrolysis thermodynamics
6.5 Kinetics of water splitting
6.6 Electrolyzer current-voltage (I-V) curves
6.7 High-pressure water electrolysis
6.8 Coupling electrolyzers with solar energy for vehicle hydrogen fueling
6.9 Educational aspects of water electrolysis
6.10 Major issues facing the use of water electrolysis for hydrogen production
6.11 Future trends
6.12 Conclusions
6.13 Sources of further information and advice
6.14 Acknowledgements
6.15 References
6.16 Appendix: nomenclature
7. Development of a photo-electrochemical (PEC) reactor to convert carbon dioxide into methanol for biorefining
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chemical reduction of CO2
7.3 Mimicking natural enzymes for splitting water in photo-electrochemical (PEC) reactors
7.4 Cathodic systems for CO2 reduction to methanol in PEC reactors
7.5 Manufacturing an effective membrane electrode assembly
7.6 Bio-based products from PEC CO2 reduction processes
7.7 CO2 sources and purity issues
7.8 Conversion of CO2 to methanol using solar energy
7.9 Impacts on greenhouse gas reduction and life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses
7.10 Conclusions
7.11 References
8. Photocatalytic production of hydrogen
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hydrogen production through photocatalysis
8.3 Engineering efficient photocatalysts for solar H2 production
8.4 Photocatalytic water splitting
8.5 Separate H2 and O2 evolution from photocatalytic water splitting
8.6 Photocatalytic reforming of organics
8.7 Future trends
8.8 Conclusion
8.9 References
8.10 Appendix: list of symbols
9. Bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Principles of bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen
9.3 Technologies for bio-engineering algae as a source of hydrogen
9.4 Applications
9.5 Future trends
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 References
9.8 Appendix: the Calvin cycle
10. Thermochemical production of hydrogen
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General aspects of hydrogen production
10.3 Thermochemical hydrogen production from carbon-containing sources
10.4 Thermochemical hydrogen production from carbon-free sources: water-splitting processes
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 References
10.7 Appendix: list of acronyms and symbols
Part III: Hydrogen production using membrane reactors, storage and distribution
11. Hydrogen production using inorganic membrane reactors
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Traditional reactors used for hydrogen production
11.3 Catalysts for hydrogen production
11.4 Membrane-integrated processes for hydrogen production
11.5 Biohydrogen production processes
11.6 Bioreactors for biohydrogen production
11.7 Membrane reactors for biohydrogen production
11.8 Conclusions and future trends
11.9 References
11.10 Appendix: list of acronyms and symbols
12. In situ quantitative evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement in group 5 metals used for hydrogen separation and purification
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Principles of quantitative evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement
12.3 Ductile-to-brittle transition hydrogen concentrations for group 5 metals
12.4 Mechanical properties and fracture mode changes of Nb- or V-based alloys in hydrogen atmospheres
12.5 Applications and future trends
12.6 Summary
12.7 Sources of further information and advice
12.8 References
12.9 Appendix: symbols and acronyms
13. Design of group 5 metal-based alloy membranes with high hydrogen permeability and strong resistance to hydrogen embrittlement
Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hydrogen permeable metal membranes
13.3 Alloy design for a group 5 metal-based hydrogen permeable membrane
13.4 Design of Nb-based alloys
13.5 V-based alloys
13.6 Future trends
13.7 Summary
13.8 Sources of further information and advice
13.9 References
13.10 Appendix: symbols and acronyms
14. Hydrogen storage in hydride-forming materials
Abstract:
14.1 Introduction
14.2 An overview of the main hydrogen storage technologies
14.3 Hydrogen storage in hydride-forming metals and intermetallics
14.4 Chemical hydrides
14.5 Hydrogen storage specifications and developments in technology
14.6 Conclusion
14.7 References
14.8 Appendix: nomenclature
15. Hydrogen storage in nanoporous materials
Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Hydrogen adsorption by porous solids
15.3 Hydrogen adsorption measurements
15.4 Hydrogen storage in porous carbons
15.5 Hydrogen storage in zeolites
15.6 Hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks
15.7 Hydrogen storage in microporous organic polymers and other materials
15.8 Use of nanoporous materials in practical storage units: material properties and thermal conductivity
15.9 Storage unit modelling and design
15.10 Future trends
15.11 Conclusion
15.12 References
15.13 Appendix: symbols and abbreviations
16. Hydrogen fuel cell technology
Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of fuel cell (FC)
16.3 The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in the energy supply chain
16.4 Hydrogen fuel cells and renewable energy sources (RES) deployment
16.5 Fuel cells in stationary applications
16.6 Fuel cells in transportation applications
16.7 Fuel cells in portable applications
16.8 Research priorities in fuel cell technology
16.9 Research priorities in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs)
16.10 Research priorities in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
16.11 Conclusions
16.12 Sources of further information and advice
16.13 References
16.14 Appendix: abbreviations
17. Hydrogen as a fuel in transportation
Abstract:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hydrogen characteristics as an alternative fuel
17.3 Advances in hydrogen vehicle technologies and fuel delivery
17.4 History of hydrogen demonstrations
17.5 Hydrogen fueling infrastructure for transportation
17.6 Future trends
17.7 Conclusions
17.8 Sources of further information and advice
17.9 References
17.10 Appendix: list of acronyms
Index
