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Full Description
Future computing professionals must become familiar with historical computer architectures because many of the same or similar techniques are still being used and may persist well into the future. Computer Architecture: Fundamentals and Principles of Computer Design discusses the fundamental principles of computer design and performance enhancement that have proven effective and demonstrates how current trends in architecture and implementation rely on these principles while expanding upon them or applying them in new ways. Rather than focusing on a particular type of machine, this textbook explains concepts and techniques via examples drawn from various architectures and implementations. When necessary, the author creates simplified examples that clearly explain architectural and implementation features used across many computing platforms. Following an introduction that discusses the difference between architecture and implementation and how they relate, the next four chapters cover the architecture of traditional, single-processor systems that are still, after 60 years, the most widely used computing machines. The final two chapters explore approaches to adopt when single-processor systems do not reach desired levels of performance or are not suited for intended applications. Topics include parallel systems, major classifications of architectures, and characteristics of unconventional systems of the past, present, and future.This textbook provides students with a thorough grounding in what constitutes high performance and how to measure it, as well as a full familiarity in the fundamentals needed to make systems perform better. This knowledge enables them to understand and evaluate the many new systems they will encounter throughout their professional careers.
Contents
Introduction to Computer ArchitectureWhat is Computer Architecture?Architecture vs. ImplementationBrief History of Computer SystemsThe First GenerationThe Second GenerationThe Third GenerationThe Fourth GenerationModern Computers - The Fifth GenerationTypes of Computer SystemsSingle Processor SystemsParallel Processing SystemsSpecial ArchitecturesQuality of Computer SystemsGenerality and ApplicabilityEase of UseExpandabilityCompatibilityReliabilitySuccess and Failure of Computer Architectures and ImplementationsQuality and the Perception of QualityCost IssuesArchitectural Openness, Market Timing and Other IssuesMeasures of PerformanceCPU PerformanceMemory System PerformanceI/O System PerformanceSystem BenchmarksChapter Wrap-UpReview QuestionsComputer Memory SystemsThe Memory HierarchyCharacteristics of an Ideal MemoryCharacteristics of Real Memory DevicesHierarchical Memory SystemsMain Memory InterleavingHigh-Order InterleavingLow-Order InterleavingLogical Organization of Computer MemoryRandom Access MemoriesSequential Access MemoriesAssociative MemoriesCache MemoryLocality of ReferenceHits, Misses, and PerformanceMapping StrategiesCache Write PoliciesCache Replacement StrategiesCache InitializationMemory Management and Virtual MemoryWhy Virtual Memory?Virtual Memory BasicsPaged Virtual MemorySegmented Virtual MemorySegmentation with PagingThe MMU and TLBCache and Virtual MemoryChapter Wrap-UpReview QuestionsBasics of the Central Processing UnitThe Instruction SetMachine Language InstructionsFunctional Categories of InstructionsInstruction Addressing ModesNumber of Operands Per InstructionMemory-Register vs. Load-Store ArchitecturesCISC and RISC Instruction SetsThe DatapathThe Register SetInteger Arithmetic HardwareArithmetic with Real NumbersThe Control UnitA Simple Example MachineHardwired Control UnitMicroprogrammed Control UnitChapter Wrap-UpReview QuestionsEnhancing CPU PerformancePipeliningArithmetic PipelinesTypes of Arithmetic PipelinesPipeline Scheduling and ControlInstruction Unit PipelinesBasics of an Instruction PipelineControl Transfers and the Branch PenaltyBranch PredictionDelayed Control TransfersMemory Accesses - Delayed Loads and StoresData Dependencies and HazardsControlling Instruction PipelinesCharacteristics of RISC MachinesEnhancing the Pipelined CPUSuperpipelined ArchitecturesSuperscalar ArchitecturesVery Long Instruction Word (VLIW) ArchitecturesChapter Wrap-UpReview QuestionsExceptions, Interrupts, and Input/Output SystemsExceptionsHardware-Related ExceptionsSoftware-Related ExceptionsInput and Output Device InterfacesProgram-Controlled I/OMemory-Mapped I/OSeparate I/OInterrupt-Driven I/ODirect Memory AccessInput/Output ProcessorsChapter Wrap-UpReview QuestionsParallel and High-Performance SystemsTypes of Computer Systems - Flynn's TaxonomyVector ProcessorsArray ProcessorsMultiprocessor SystemsMulticomputer SystemsInterconnection Networks for Parallel SystemsPurposes of Interconnection NetworksInterconnection Network Terms and ConceptsStatic Interconnection NetworksBusesLinear and Ring TopologiesStar NetworkTree and Fat Tree NetworksNearest-Neighbor MeshTorus and Illiac NetworksHypercube NetworksRouting in Static NetworksDynamic Interconnection NetworksCrossbar SwitchRecirculating NetworksMultistage NetworksChapter Wrap-UpReview QuestionsSpecial-Purpose and Future ArchitecturesDataflow MachinesArtificial Neural NetworksFuzzy Logic ArchitecturesQuantum ComputingChapter Wrap-UpReview QuestionsAppendix: Reference and Further Reading Materials with Web Links
