基本説明
Presents a rare look into the secretive world of the "snakeheads" whose ingenious endeavors have transported hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants into the United States and other Western countries.
Full Description
Based on years of fieldwork and interviews with 129 human smugglers as well as scores of government and law enforcement officials, this book presents a rare look into the secretive world of the "snakeheads" (human smugglers) whose ingenious endeavors have transported hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants into the United States and other Western countries.
The book is rich with vivid accounts of how groups of opportunistic entrepreneurs form loosely connected social circles to accomplish seemingly complex transnational negotiations. Zhang's findings and analyses challenge many widespread misconceptions about these smugglers in particular and Chinese organized crime in general. Bound together by little more than the pursuit of profit, these otherwise ordinary men have demonstrated remarkable flexibility in adapting to market and socio-legal constraints.
The author's concept of the "dyadic cartwheel network" integrates major theoretical constructs to explain how and why freelance operators have come to dominate the human smuggling enterprise instead of traditional crime syndicate.
Contents
Contents Preface xxx Acknowledgments xxx PART ONE. SNAKEHEADS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING 1. Coming to America: Illegal Chinese Migration to the United States 3 2. Becoming a Snakehead 000 3. Recruitment, Preparation, and Departure 000 4. Smuggling Activities in Transit 000 5. Arrival and Payment Collection 000 6. Making Money from Human Smuggling 000 PART TWO. THE HUMAN SMUGGLING ORGANIZATION 7. Organizational and Operational Characteristics 000 8. The Dyadic Cartwheel Network 000 9. Human Smuggling and Traditional Chinese Organized Crime 000 10. Women and Chinese Human Smuggling 000 11. Future of Chinese Human Smuggling 000 Appendix A: Research Sites 000 Appendix B: Research Method 000 Notes 000 Glossary 000 References 000 Index 000 Tables, Figures, and Maps Tables 2.1. Demographics of Snakehead Subjects 000 2.2. Subjects' Employment Status 000 2.3. Involvement in Smuggling Activities 000 6.1. Smuggling Fees and Earnings 000 6.2. Prices of Specific Smuggling Services 000 7.1. Characteristics of Smuggling Organizations 000 7.2. Roles in Smuggling Business 000 9.1. A Comparison of Triad-Type Organizations and Human Smuggling Groups 000 10.1. Demographics of Snakehead Subjects by Gender 000 10.2. Method of Entry, Source of Clients and Motives by Gender 000 10.3. Primary Specialties in Smuggling Business by Gender 000 Figures 7.1. Smuggling Task Force Formation and Process of Operations 000 8.1. The Dyadic Cartwheel Network--A Conceptual Diagram of Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations 000 8.2. A Conceptual Diagram of the Task-Force Orientation of Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations 000 10.1. A Schematic Diagram of the Conditional Market Perspective 000 Maps 1.Map of China 000 2.Map of Fujian Province 000
