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Winner of the 2015 J. Franklin Jameson Award
Winner of the 2014 Dwight L. Smith (ABC-CLIO) Award
Winner of the 2014 Nebraska Book Award in Nonfiction/Reference
During the 1920s and 1930s, Josephine Waggoner (1871-1943), a Lakota woman who had been educated at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia, grew increasingly concerned that the history and culture of her people were being lost as elders died without passing along their knowledge. A skilled writer, Waggoner set out to record the lifeways of her people and correct much of the misinformation about them spread by white writers, journalists, and scholars of the day. To accomplish this task, she traveled to several Lakota and Dakota reservations to interview chiefs, elders, traditional tribal historians, and other tribal members, including women.
Published for the first time and augmented by extensive annotations, Witness offers a rare participant's perspective on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Lakota and Dakota life. The first of Waggoner's two manuscripts presented here includes extraordinary firsthand and as-told-to historical stories by tribal members, such as accounts of life in the Powder River camps and at the agencies in the 1870s, the experiences of a mixed-blood HÚŋkpapȟa girl at the first off-reservation boarding school, and descriptions of traditional beliefs. The second manuscript consists of Waggoner's sixty biographies of Lakota and Dakota chiefs and headmen based on eyewitness accounts and interviews with the men themselves. Together these singular manuscripts provide new and extensive information on the history, culture, and experiences of the Lakota and Dakota peoples.
Contents
List of IllustrationsForeword by Lynne AllenAcknowledgmentsEditor's Introduction by Emily LevineEditorial PolicyLakota Phonology and PronunciationJosephine Waggoner's Family Tree Ethnography, History, Her Story Introduction by Josephine WaggonerLife SketchPart 1. Dakota/Lakota Ethnography, Culture, and Society1. Creation as told by MakhÚla2. The Origin of Fire by MakhÚla3. MakhÚla's Dream4. Sioux Legends and Traditions and Their Origins5. Ancient Legends of the Sioux6. The Arrow Makers7. Dakota and Lakota OyÁte Band Organization8. Some Cultural Miscellany9. Language10. Meaning of Names11. Some Dakota Geography12. Buffalo Hunt13. The White BuffaloPart 2. Tribal History/Her Life14. The Cramping Death15. The Mackinaw (Mackinac) Attack Near Burnt Wood Creek (Cha?gÚyapi)16. The Grattan Massacre17. Fort Laramie and Horse Creek, 186518. The Wagon Box Fight19. Early Life: Grand River--Apple Creek--Standing Rock, c. 1870-7520. West to Powder River, 187521. Standing Rock, Winter 1875-7622. T?ahÁ?skÁ T?Á?ka, John Bruguier23. Standing Rock and Montana, 1876-7824. The Surrender25. Life on the Reservation26. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, 1881-8827. Hampton and Back to Standing Rock: Working with Missionaries, 1888-8928. After Sitting Bull's Death: Wounded Knee, 1890-9129. Stock Rustling on the Reservation30. Married Life Lives of the Chiefs and Other Biographies Acknowledgments by Josephine WaggonerPart 1. IsÁ?yathi, Santee Dakota1. TÁmahe, the One-Eyed Sioux2. IŠtÁ?ba, Sleepy Eye3. Í?kpadÚta, Scarlet Point4. T?aoyÁtedÚta, Little Crow5. Thiwak?Á?, Holy HousePart 2. IhÁ?kt?u?wa?/IhÁ?kt?u?wa?na, Yankton/Yanktonai6. P?alÁniyap?Ápi, Struck by the Ree7. T?at?Á?kap?a, Bull Head Sr.8. NasÚnat?Á?ka, Big Head9. Mat?Ó GnaŠkÍ?ya?, Mad Bear10. Cha??pÍlÚta, Red Tomahawk11. T?at?Á?kap?a, Lieutenant Henry Bull Head Jr.Part 3. ThÍt?u?wa?, Teton LakotaSection 1. SihÁsapa, Blackfeet12. WakutemÁni, Shoots Walking13. Mat?Ó Wat?Ákpe, John Grass14. Cha?tehi, Goose15. Cha?tÉ P?Éta, Fire HeartSection 2. OÓhenu?pa, Two Kettle16. Mat?Ó ThuchÚhu, Bear Ribs17. MiwÁtani HÁ?ska, Tall Mandan18. Zi?tkÁlaki?yÁ?, Swift Bird19. Mat?Ó TÓpa, Four Bear20. ŠÚ?gleŠkÁsÁpa, Black Spotted HorseSection 3. ItÁzipcho, Sans Arc21. WaÁnata?, Charger22. K?a?gÍ WÍyaka, Crow Feather23. HÉwa?žÍca, One Horn24. Wa?blÍgleŠkÁ, Spotted EagleSection 4. Mnik?Ówožu, Miniconjou25. MagÁska, White Swan II26. T?Á?cahuŠtÉ, Lame Deer27. U?p?ÁngleŠkÁ, Spotted Elk (Big Foot)28. Cha??Á?ake, Hump29. MagÁska, White Swan IV30. Mat?Ó CÍk'ala, Little Bear31. Ki?yÁ? HiyÁya, Flying By32. T?aŠÚ?kezi, Yellow Horse33. MaŠtÍ?calagleŠkÁ, Spotted RabbitSection 5. HÚ?kpap?a, Hunkpapa34. T?at?Óka Í?ya?ke, Running Antelope35. WichÁ?pi MÁza, Iron Star36. Mat?Ó ItÉ, Bear Face37. T?at?Á?ka Íyotake, Sitting Bull38. ChetÁ? WakÍ?ya?, Thunder Hawk39. PhizÍ, Gall40. T?at?Á?ka HÉgleŠkÁ, Spotted Horn Bull41. HohÚ Cha??pÍ, Bone Club42. Mat?Ó OcÍ?ŠÍca, Cross Bear43. ItÚ?kasa? Mat?Ó, Weasel Bear44. ItÉomagÁžu, Rain in the Face45. Wa?blÍ?Óta, Gray Eagle46. HeyÓk?ahmi, Real BuffaloSection 6. OglÁla, Oglala47. Ma?pÍyalÚta, Red Cloud48. T?aŠÚ?ke K?okÍp?api, They Are Afraid of His Horses49. T?aÓpicÍk'ala, Little Wound50. WaŠÍcu T?aŠÚ?ke, American Horse II51. T?aŠÚ?ke WitkÓ, Crazy HorseSection 7. SichÁ?gu, BrulÉ52. ThukÍmÁza, Iron Shell53. Mat?Ó O?'Á?k?o, Swift Bear54. NÚ?pa Kap?Á, Two Strikes55. Si?tÉ GleŠkÁ, Spotted Tail56. ŠÚ?ka BlokÁ, He Dog57. Mat?Ó KawÍ?ge, Turning Bear58. WaglÉkŠu? T?Á?ka, Big Turkey59. Mat?ÓhÉ?logeca, Hollow Horn Bear60. T?aŠÚ?ke Wa?kÁtuya, High Horse Afterword: History of the Manuscripts Appendix 1: The Chiefs Who Fought and SurrenderedAppendix 2: The Keepers of the Peace Pipe Since Brought by the Buffalo MaidenAppendix 3: Police at Sitting Bull FightAppendix 4: Josephine Waggoner's BibliographyAppendix 5: Winter CountsAppendix 6: PoemsAppendix 7: Lakota Land DispossessionNotesBibliographyIndex
