功績：アメリカ建国の理念の歴史 Merit : The History of a Founding Ideal from the American Revolution to the Twenty-First Century (American Institutions and Society)

功績：アメリカ建国の理念の歴史<br>Merit : The History of a Founding Ideal from the American Revolution to the Twenty-First Century (American Institutions and Society)

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功績：アメリカ建国の理念の歴史
Merit : The History of a Founding Ideal from the American Revolution to the Twenty-First Century (American Institutions and Society)

Kett, Joseph

ウェブストア価格 ¥6,912（本体¥6,284）
Cornell University Press（2013/01発売）
外貨定価 US$ 32.95
ポイント 62pt

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製本 Hardcover:ハードカバー版／ページ数 277 p.
言語 ENG
商品コード 9780801451225
DDC分類 179.9

Full Description

The idea that citizens' advancement should depend exclusively on merit, on qualities that deserve reward rather than on bloodlines or wire-pulling, was among the Founding ideals of the American republic, Joseph F. Kett argues in this provocative and engaging book. Merit's history, he contends, is best understood within the context of its often conflicting interaction with the other ideals of the Founding, equal rights and government by consent. Merit implies difference; equality suggests sameness. By sanctioning selection of those lower down by those higher up, merit potentially conflicts with the republican ideal that citizens consent to the decisions that affect their lives.

In Merit, which traces the history of its subject over three centuries, Kett asserts that Americans have reconciled merit with other principles of the Founding in ways that have shaped their distinctive approach to the grading of public schools, report cards, the forging of workplace hierarchies, employee rating forms, merit systems in government, the selection of officers for the armed forces, and standardized testing for intelligence, character, and vocational interests.

Today, the concept of merit is most commonly associated with measures by which it is quantified. Viewing their merit as an element of their selfhood—essential merit—members of the Founding generation showed no interest in quantitative measurements. Rather, they equated merit with an inner quality that accounted for their achievements and that was best measured by their reputations among their peers. In a republic based on equal rights and consent of the people, however, it became important to establish that merit-based rewards were within the grasp of ordinary Americans. In response, Americans embraced institutional merit in the form of procedures focused on drawing small distinctions among average people. They also developed a penchant for increasing the number of winners in competitions—what Kett calls "selection in" rather than "selection out"—in order to satisfy popular aspirations. Merit argues that values rooted in the Founding of the republic continue to influence Americans' approach to controversies, including those surrounding affirmative action, which involve the ideal of merit.

Introduction: The Faces of Merit1. Republic of Merit2. Merit and the Culture of Public Life3. Small Worlds: Competition in the Colleges4. Making the Grade: Managed Competition and Schooling5. The Scientific Measurement of Merit6. The "Presumption of Merit": Institutionalizing Merit7. Squeeze Play: Merit in Government8. Merit in CrisisEpilogue: Merit, Equality, ConsentNotes
Index