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Score Higher on the NCLEX-RN (R) Exam!We provide you with the proven study tools and expert insight that will help you score higher on your examwww.pearsonITcertification.comStudy Tips like the advice and instruction that a personal tutor might provide Notes, Tips, and Cautions provide you with hints and strategies that will help you reduce your mistakes on the exam Comprehensive discussion of all subject areas covered on the NCLEX-RN (R) Exam Practice Questions that include detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers-so you can learn the material from your success and mistakesCOMPREHENSIVE! Succeed with comprehensive learning and practice testsMaster the NCLEX-RN (R) exam materials in all tested subject areas Prepare with four comprehensive practice tests Analyze your test readiness and areas for further study with topic-focused chapter tests CD-ROM-based practice exam includes an interactive Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) engine for a meaningful exam experience with approximately 400 questions Learn important test-taking strategies to maximize your score and diminish your anxiety
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 1Organization . . . . . . . . 2Instructional Features . . . . . . . . 2Extensive Practice Test Options. . . . . . . 3Final Review . . . . . . . . . 3Other Valuable Tools . . . . . . . 4About the NCLEX Exam . . . . . . . 4Advice for Preparing for the Exam . . . . . . 6Advice for Test Day . . . . . . . 6Hints for Using This Book . . . . . . . 7Contact the Author . . . . . . . . 8Study and Exam Preparation Tips . . . . . . . 9Study Tips . . . . . . . . . 9Exam Prep Tips . . . . . . . . 10Read the Question Carefully . . . . . . 11Look for Keywords . . . . . . . 11Watch for Specific Details . . . . . . . 11Eliminate Options That Are Clearly Wrong or Incorrect . . . 11Look for Similar Options . . . . . . . 12Look for Opposite Answers . . . . . . 13Part I: Exam PreparationChapter 1: Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . 15Three Areas of Pharmacology . . . . . . . 15How Nurses Work with Pharmacology . . . . . . 16Time-released Drugs. . . . . . . . 17Administering Medications. . . . . . . 18The Seven Rights of Administering Medication . . . . 18Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs . . . . . 19Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors . . . . . 19Beta Adrenergic Blockers . . . . . . . 20Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides) . . . . . . 21Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety). . . . 23Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic) . . . . . 24Glucocorticoids . . . . . . . . 25Antivirals . . . . . . . . 27Cholesterol-Lowering Agents . . . . . . 28Angiotensin Receptor Blockers . . . . . . 29Histamine 2 Antagonists . . . . . . . 30Proton Pump Inhibitors . . . . . . . 31Anticoagulants . . . . . . . . 32More Drug Identification Helpers . . . . . . 33Herbals . . . . . . . . . 34Drug Schedules . . . . . . . . 35Pregnancy Categories for Drugs . . . . . . . 35Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . 36Key Terms . . . . . . . . 36Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . 37Answer Rationales . . . . . . . 39Chapter 2: Fluid and Electrolyte and Acid/Base Balance . . . . . . 41Total Body Water Calculation . . . . . . . 41Management of the Client with Imbalances in Fluid and Electrolytes . . . 43Types of Intravenous Fluids . . . . . . 43How the Body Regulates Electrolytes. . . . . 44How the Body Regulates pH . . . . . . 52Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . 60Key Terms . . . . . . . . 60Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 60Pharmacological Agents Used in the Treatment of Clients with Alterations in Fluids and Electrolytes . . . . . . . 60Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . 61Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 62Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 64Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 65Chapter 3: Care of the Client with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . . 67Hypertension . . . . . . . . . 68Diagnosing the Client with Hypertension . . . . . 69Managing the Client with Hypertension . . . . . 69Coronary Artery Disease. . . . . . . 71Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis . . . . . . 71Conduction System of the Heart. . . . . . . 72Heart Block. . . . . . . . 73Cardiac Monitoring . . . . . . . . 74Reading an Electrocardiogram. . . . . . 76Cardiac Dysrhythmias . . . . . . . . 76Ventricular Tachycardia. . . . . . . 78Ventricular Fibrillation . . . . . . . 79Internal Pacemaker/Internal Cardiac Defibrillators . . . . 79Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation . . . . . . 80Angina Pectoris . . . . . . . . 81Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . 82Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . 82Management of a Client with Myocardial Infarction . . . . 83Aneurysms. . . . . . . . . 89Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart . . . . . . 90Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . 90Pericarditis . . . . . . . . 91Peripheral Vascular Disease . . . . . . 91Varicose Veins/Thrombophlebitis . . . . . . 92Raynaud's Phenomenon . . . . . . . 93Buerger's Disease . . . . . . . . 93Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . 94Key Terms. . . . . . . . . 94Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . 95Pharmacological Agents Used in the Treatment of Clients with Cardiovascular Disorders. . . . . . . . 96Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 101Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 101Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 103Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 104Chapter 4: Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . 105Pituitary Gland. . . . . . . . 106Hypopituitarism . . . . . . . . 106Hyperpituitarism . . . . . . . 106Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland . . . . . 107Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . 108Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . 108Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . 110Parathyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . 112Hypoparathyroidism . . . . . . . 112Hyperparathyroidism. . . . . . . 113Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . 114Hyperglycemia . . . . . . . . 116Hypoglycemia. . . . . . . . 117Managing Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia. . . . 117Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . 118Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . 119Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 123Key Terms . . . . . . . . 123Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 124Pharmacological Agents Used to Treat Clients with Endocrine Disorders. 124Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 128Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 128Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 130Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 131Chapter 5: Care of the Client with Respiratory Disorders. . . . . . 133Noninfectious Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract . . . . 133Chronic Bronchitis. . . . . . . 133Emphysema. . . . . . . . 134Asthma. . . . . . . . . 135Pleurisy . . . . . . . . 137Pulmonary Hypertension . . . . . . . 138Interstitial Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . 139Sarcoidosis. . . . . . . . 139Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . 140Occupational Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . 140Infectious Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract. . . . 142Pneumonia . . . . . . . . 142Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . 145Influenza . . . . . . . . 147Life-Threatening Pulmonary Disorders. . . . . . 148Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. . . . . 148Pulmonary Embolus . . . . . . . 152Pneumothorax . . . . . . . . 154Hemothorax . . . . . . . . 155Emerging Infections . . . . . . . . 158SARS . . . . . . . . . 158Legionnaires' Disease . . . . . . . 159Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 161Key Terms . . . . . . . . 161Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 161Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . 162Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 165Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 166Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 168Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 169Chapter 6: Care of the Client with Genitourinary Disorders . . . . . . 171Renal Disorders . . . . . . . . 172Acute Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . 172Chronic Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . 173Goodpasture's Syndrome . . . . . . . 174Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . 175Polycystic Kidney Disease . . . . . . 176Hydronephrosis/Hydroureteronephrosis . . . . . 177Pyelonephritis. . . . . . . . 178Acute and Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . 179Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . . 180Peritoneal Dialysis . . . . . . . 181Hemodialysis. . . . . . . . 182Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. . . . . 183Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . 184Urinary Disorders . . . . . . . . 185Cystitis. . . . . . . . . 185Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . 187Urolithiasis . . . . . . . . 188Genitourinary Disorders. . . . . . . 189Prostatitis . . . . . . . . 190Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy . . . . . . 190Erectile Dysfunction . . . . . . . 191Epididymitis . . . . . . . . 193Priapism. . . . . . . . 193Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 195Key Terms . . . . . . . . 195Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 195Pharmacologic Agents for the Client with Genitourinary Disorders. . 196Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 200Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 200Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 202Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 203Chapter 7: Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . . . 205Common Infections of the Integumentary System . . . . . 205Viral Infections . . . . . . . . 205Fungal Infections . . . . . . . 207Bacterial Infections . . . . . . . 208Psoriasis. . . . . . . . . 208Pressure Ulcers. . . . . . . . 209Burns . . . . . . . . . 212Burn Classifications . . . . . . . 213Burn Measurement with TBSA . . . . . . 214Nursing Care for Burn Victims . . . . . . 215Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 223Key Terms . . . . . . . . 223Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 223Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders. . . . . . . . 224Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 226Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 226Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 228Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 229Chapter 8: Care of the Client with Sensory Disorders. . . . . . 231Disorders of the Eyes . . . . . . . . 231Intraocular Disorders . . . . . . . 232Uveitis . . . . . . . . . 236Corneal Dystrophy and Corneal Transplantation . . . . 236Retinal Disorders . . . . . . . 236Refractive Errors . . . . . . . 239Traumatic Injuries . . . . . . . 240Ocular Melanoma . . . . . . . 240Disorders of the Ears. . . . . . . . 242Otitis Externa . . . . . . . . 243Otitis Media . . . . . . . . 243Mastoiditis. . . . . . . . 244Meniere's Disease. . . . . . . 244Acoustic Neuroma . . . . . . . 245Otosclerosis. . . . . . . . 245Presbycusis . . . . . . . . 246Ear Trauma . . . . . . . . 246Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss . . . . . 247Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 250Key Terms . . . . . . . . 250Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 251Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Eyes and Ears . . . . . . . . 251Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 253Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 253Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 255Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 256Chapter 9: Care of the Client with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . 257Peptic Ulcer Disease . . . . . . . . 258Types of Ulcers. . . . . . . . 259Diagnosis of Ulcers . . . . . . . 259Treatment of Ulcers. . . . . . . 260Inflammatory Bowel Disorders . . . . . . . 263Crohn's Disease . . . . . . . . 263Ulcerative Colitis . . . . . . . 263Management of the Client with Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . 264Diverticular Disease. . . . . . . . 265Management of the Client with Diverticulitis . . . . 265Hemorrhoids . . . . . . . . 266Appendicitis . . . . . . . . . 266Peritonitis . . . . . . . . . 268Intestinal Obstruction . . . . . . . . 269Esophageal Disorders . . . . . . . . 270GERD . . . . . . . . . 270Hiatal Hernia . . . . . . . . 274Diseases Associated with the Liver . . . . . . 275Hepatitis . . . . . . . . 275Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . 281Acute Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . 285Diagnosis of Pancreatitis. . . . . . . 286Treatment of Pancreatitis . . . . . . . 286Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . 287Symptoms of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis . . . . 288Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . 288Treatment of Cholecystitis . . . . . . 289Treatment of Cholethiasis. . . . . . . 289Clostridium Difficile . . . . . . . . 290Food-Borne Illnesses. . . . . . . . 291Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 294Key Terms . . . . . . . . 294Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 295Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . 295Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 297Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 298Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 300Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 301Chapter 10: Care of the Client with Hematological Disorders . . . . . . 303Anemia. . . . . . . . . 303Pernicious Anemia . . . . . . . 304Aplastic Anemia . . . . . . . . 304Sickle Cell Anemia. . . . . . . 305Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . 309Thalassemia . . . . . . . . . 311Polycythemia Vera . . . . . . . . 312Hemophilia . . . . . . . . . 313Transfusion Therapy . . . . . . . . 315Transfusion Reactions . . . . . . . 317Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 319Key Terms . . . . . . . . 319Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . 319Pharmacological Agents Used in Hematological Disorders . . . 320Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 321Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 321Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 323Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 324Chapter 11:Care of the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System. . . . 325Neurological Assessment . . . . . . . 326Cranial Nerve Assessment . . . . . . 326Glasgow Coma Scale . . . . . . . 327Intracranial Pressure Monitors. . . . . . 328Brain Injuries . . . . . . . . 329Epidural Hematomas. . . . . . . 332Subdural Hematoma . . . . . . . 332Intracerebral Hematomas . . . . . . . 332Treatment of Hematomas . . . . . . . 332Increased Intracranial Pressure . . . . . . 332Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . 336Treatment of Brain Tumors . . . . . . 337Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy) . . . . 338Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke . . . . . . 342Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . 342Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . 344Seizures . . . . . . . . . 347Types of Seizures . . . . . . . 347Treatment of Seizure Clients . . . . . . 350Parkinson's Disease . . . . . . . . 350Meningitis . . . . . . . . . 352Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. . . . . . 354Multiple Sclerosis. . . . . . . 354Myasthenia Gravis . . . . . . . 355Guillain-Barre. . . . . . . . 357Degenerative Neurological Disorders . . . . . . 358Cranial Nerve Disorders. . . . . . . 359Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . 359Bell's Palsy. . . . . . . . 359Spinal Cord Injuries . . . . . . . . 360Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries. . . . . . 361Potential Complications with SCI Clients . . . . . 362Intervertebral Disk Disease . . . . . . . 363Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 366Key Terms . . . . . . . . 366Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 367Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of Clients with Neurological Disorders. . . . . . . . 368Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 373Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 373Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 376Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 377Chapter 12: Care of the Client with Immunologic Disorders . . . . . . 379Immunodeficiency Syndrome . . . . . . . 380Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . 381HIV Prevention . . . . . . . . 383Standard Precautions. . . . . . . 383Airborne Transmission-Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . 384Droplet Transmission-Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . 384Contact Transmission-Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . 385Treatments After Occupational Exposure. . . . . 385Management of the Client with HIV . . . . . . 385Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 389Key Terms . . . . . . . . 389Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 389Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Immunologic Disorders. . . . . . . . 390Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 393Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 394Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 396Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 397Chapter 13: Care of the Client with Neoplastic Disorders . . . . . . 399American Cancer Society's Seven Warning Signs of Cancer. . . . 399The Four Major Categories of Cancer. . . . . . 400Risk Factors for Specific Cancers . . . . . . 400Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . 402Major Types of Cancer . . . . . . . 403Colorectal Cancer . . . . . . . 403Lung Cancer. . . . . . . . 407Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . 409Breast Cancer . .. . . . . . 411Other Major Cancers. . . . . . . 416General Interventions for Clients with Cancer . . . . . 421Radiation . . . . . . . . 421Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . 423Total Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . 424Neoplastic-Associated Disorders and Emergencies . . . . 426Bone Marrow and Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation . . . . 427Types of Transplants . . . . . . . 428Nursing Care After Transplantation . . . . . 428Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 431Key Terms . . . . . . . . 431Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 432Pharmacologic Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Specific Neoplastic Disorders. . . . . . . . 433Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 440Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 440Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 443Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 445Chapter 14: Care of the Client with Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . . . 447Fractures . . . . . . . . . 448Major Fracture Sites . . . . . . . 450General Treatment for Fractures. . . . . . 450Common Complications Associated with Fractures . . . . 454Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . 457Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . 458Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis. . . . . . 459Treatment of the Client with Osteoarthritis . . . . . 459Fibromyalgia. . . . . . . . . 460Ankylosing Spondylitis . . . . . . . 460Gout. . . . . . . . . 461Rheumatoid Arthritis. . . . . . . . 462Lupus Erythematosus . . . . . . . . 464Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures . . . . . . 466Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement . . . . . 466Total Knee Replacement. . . . . . . 467Amputations . . . . . . . . 468Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 474Key Terms . . . . . . . . 474Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 474Pharmacologic Agents Used in Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders. . . . . . . . 475Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 479Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 479Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 481Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 482Chapter 15: Care of the Childbearing Client and the Neonatal Client . . . . . 483Prenatal Care . . . . . . . . 483Signs of Pregnancy. . . . . . . 483Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance . . . . . 484Measuring Fetal Heart Tones. . . . . . 486Measuring Fundal Height. . . . . . . 486Prelabor Testing . . . . . . . . 486Intrapartal Care . . . . . . . . 488Stages of Labor. . . . . . . . 489Important Terms You Should Know . . . . . 489Complications Associated with Pregnancy. . . . . 490Cardiac Disease During Pregnancy. . . . . . 490Diabetes in Pregnancy. . . . . . . 493Preeclampsia . . . . . . . . 494Ectopic Pregnancy . . . . . . . 495Hydatidiform Mole . . . . . . . 495Incompetent Cervix . . . . . . . 496Types of Abortions. . . . . . . 496Placenta Previa . . . . . . . . 497Abruptio Placenta. . . . . . . 497Complications Associated with Labor and Delivery . . . . 498Fetal Malpresentation . . . . . . . 499Post-term Labor and Birth . . . . . . 499Precipitate Delivery . . . . . . . 500Cord Prolapse. . . . . . . . 500Cesarean Birth . . . . . . . . 500Assisted Birth . . . . . . . . 501Fetal Monitoring . . . . . . . 501Pharmacologic Management of Labor . . . . . . 503Postpartum Care . . . . . . . . 504Newborn Care . . . . . . . . 505Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn . . . . 506Rh Incompatibility . . . . . . . 507Women's Health Issues . . . . . . . 508Pelvic Inflammatory Disease . . . . . . 508Menopause . . . . . . . . 508Maternal Infections . . . . . . . 508Methods of Contraception . . . . . . 511Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 514Key Terms . . . . . . . . 514Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 515Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Obstetric Client . . 516Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 517Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 518Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 520Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 521Chapter 16: Care of the Pediatric Client . . . . . . . . 523Growth and Development . . . . . . . 523Infant (28 Days to 1 Year). . . . . . . 523Toddler (1-3 Years) . . . . . . . 524Preschooler (3-5 Years) . . . . . . . 525School Age (6-12 Years) . . . . . . . 527Adolescence (12-18 Years) . . . . . . 527Caring for the Child with Respiratory Disorders . . . . . 528Upper Airway Infections. . . . . . . 529Lower Airway Infections. . . . . . . 533Long-Term Respiratory Disorders . . . . . . 535Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) . . . . . . 536Caring for the Child with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . 537Disorders of Motility. . . . . . . 538Structural Defects . . . . . . . 540Obstructive Disorders . . . . . . . 542Inflammatory and Parasitic Disorders. . . . . 544Malabsorptive/Metabolic Syndromes . . . . . 545Ingestion of Hazardous Substances . . . . . . 547Caring for the Child with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . 549Congenital Heart Defects. . . . . . . 550Acquired Heart Disease. . . . . . . 557Caring for the Child with Genitourinary Disorders. . . . 560Obstructive Uropathy . . . . . . . 561External Defects (Hypospadias, Epispadias, Exstrophy of the Bladder). . 561Epispadias/Exstrophy of the Bladder . . . . . 562Caring for the Child with Neoplastic Disorders. . . . . 563Leukemia. . . . . . . . 563Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma) . . . . . . 563Retinoblastoma. . . . . . . . 564Neuroblastoma . . . . . . . . 564Osteosarcoma and Ewing's Sarcoma . . . . . 564Rhabdomyosarcoma. . . . . . . 565Surviving Childhood Cancer . . . . . . 565Caring for the Child with Cerebral Disorders . . . . . 566Intracranial Infections (Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis) . . . 566Reye's Syndrome . . . . . . . 567Caring for the Child with Integumentary Disorders . . . . 568Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) . . . . . . 568Scabies . . . . . . . . . 569Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice) . . . . . . 569Lyme Disease . . . . . . . . 570Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever . . . . . . 570Caring for the Child with Communicable Disease. . . . . 571Caring for the Child with Musculoskeletal Disorders . . . . 573Congenital Clubfoot . . . . . . . 573Developmental Hip Dysplasia . . . . . . 573Osteogenesis Imperfecta . . . . . . . 574Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana) . . . . . 575Scoliosis . . . . . . . . 576Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) . . . 576Caring for the Child with Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . 577Cerebral Palsy. . . . . . . . 577Neural Tube Defects . . . . . . . 578Spina Bifida. . . . . . . . 578Muscular Dystrophies . . . . . . . 579Caring for the Abused and Neglected Child . . . . . 580Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 583Key Terms . . . . . . . . 583Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 584Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of Pediatric Clients . . . 584Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 584Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 585Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 587Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 588Chapter 17: Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . 589Anxiety-related Disorders. . . . . . . 589Generalized Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . 590Post-traumatic Stress Disorder . . . . . . 590Dissociative Identity Disorder . . . . . . 591Somatoform Disorder . . . . . . . 591Panic Disorder . . . . . . . . 591Phobic Disorders . . . . . . . 592Obsessive-compulsive Disorder . . . . . . 592Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . 593Cluster A . . . . . . . . 593Cluster B . . . . . . . . 594Cluster C. . . . . . . . 595Managing Clients with Personality Disorders . . . . 596Psychotic Disorders. . . . . . . . 597Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . 597Bipolar Disorders . . . . . . . 599Substance Abuse. . . . . . . . 602Alcoholism . . . . . . . . 602Chemical Dependence. . . . . . . 604Psychological Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence . . . . 606Autistic Disorder . . . . . . . 607Conduct Disorder . . . . . . . 607Oppositional Defiant Disorder . . . . . . 608Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder . . . . . 608Eating Disorders . . . . . . . 608Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 611Key Terms . . . . . . . . 611Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 612Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders. . . . . . . . 612Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 617Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 618Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 620Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 621Chapter 18: Emergency Care. . . . . . . . . 623The ABCDs of Emergency Care. . . . . . 624Airway . . . . . . . . . 624Breathing. . . . . . . . 625Circulation . . . . . . . . 625Deficits . . . . . . . . 626Obtaining Client Information . . . . . . 627Trauma . . . . . . . . . 627Head Injuries . . . . . . . . 627Chest Injuries . . . . . . . . 628Abdominal Injuries. . . . . . . 628Documenting and Protecting Forensic Evidence . . . . 629Poisoning . . . . . . . . . 630Poisonous Stings and Bites . . . . . . . 631Bioterrorism . . . . . . . . . 632Chemical and Biological Agents . . . . . . 632Nuclear Warfare. . . . . . . . 634Triage Categories for Disaster Victims . . . . . 635Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 637Key Terms . . . . . . . . 637Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 637Pharmacological Agents Commonly Used in ER Treatment . . . 637Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 638Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 638Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 640Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 641Chapter 19: Legal Issues in Nursing Practice . . . . . . . 643Types of Laws. . . . . . . . 644Statutory Laws/Regulatory Laws. . . . . . 644Civil Laws . . . . . . . . 644Criminal Laws . . . . . . . . 644Common Law. . . . . . . . 644Code of Ethical Behavior in Nursing Practice . . . . . 645Legal Theories That Affect Nursing Practice . . . . . 646Negligence . . . . . . . . 647Malpractice . . . . . . . . 647Witnessing Consent for Care. . . . . . 647Tort . . . . . . . . . 647Assault and Battery . . . . . . . 648Fraud . . . . . . . . . 648Managing Client Care. . . . . . . . 648Key Terms. . . . . . . . . 652Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 652Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 653Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 655Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 656Chapter 20: Cultural Practices Influencing Nursing Care . . . . . . 657Cultural Assessment. . . . . . . . 657Understanding Client Beliefs . . . . . . 657Working with Clients Who Speak Different Languages . . . 658Healthcare of Hispanics/Latinos . . . . . . 659Time Considerations . . . . . . . 660Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 660Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 661Healthcare of Native Americans and Alaskan Natives . . . . 661Time Considerations . . . . . . . 661Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 662Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 662Healthcare of Asian-Americans . . . . . . . 662Time Considerations . . . . . . . 663Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 663Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 664Healthcare of Arab-Americans. . . . . . . 664Time Considerations . . . . . . . 665Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 665Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 665Nursing Plan Dietary Considerations Across Cultures . . . . 665Religious Beliefs and Refusal of Care Considerations . . . . 667Key Terms. . . . . . . . . 669Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 669Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 669Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 671Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 672Part II: Final ReviewFast Facts The NCLEX RN Exam Prep . . . . . . . . 673Practice Exam I . . . . . . . . . 681Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid/Base Balance. . . . . 682Care of the Client with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . 686Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders . . . . . 693Care of the Client with Immunological Disorders . . . . . 700Care of the Childbearing Client and the Neonatal Client . . . . 705Practice Exam II. . . . . . . . . 717Care of the Client with Respiratory Disorders . . . . . 718Care of the Client with Genitourinary Disorders. . . . . 723Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . . 728Care of the Client with Sensory Disorders . . . . . 731Care of the Pediatric Client . . . . . . . 736Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders. . . . . 744Emergency Care. . . . . . . . 749Practice Exam III . . . . . . . . . 753Care of the Client with Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . . 754Care of the Client with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . 760Care of the Client with Neoplastic Disorders . . . . . 767Care of the Client with Neurological Disorders. . . . . 777Care of the Client with Hematological Disorders . . . . . 786Practice Exam IV Management and Alternative Item Exam Questions. . . . . 791Management Questions . . . . . . . 792Alternative Items . . . . . . . . 808Answers to Practice Exam I . . . . . . . . 819Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam I . . . . . . 819Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . 821Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid/Base Balance . . . . 821Care of the Client with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . 823Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders . . . . 828Care of the Client with Immunologic Disorders. . . . 832Care of the Childbearing Client and the Neonatal Client. . . 835Answers to Practice Exam II . . . . . . . . 843Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam II . . . . . . 843Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . 845Care of the Client with Respiratory Disorders . . . . 845Care of the Client with Genitourinary Disorders . . . . 848Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . 851Care of the Client with Sensory Disorders . . . . . 853Care of the Pediatric Client . . . . . . 855Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders. . . . 859Emergency Care. . . . . . . . 862Answers to Practice Exam III . . . . . . . . 865Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam III . . . . . 865Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . 867Care of the Client with Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . 867Care of the Client with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . 870Care of the Client with Neoplastic Disorders . . . . 873Care of the Client with Neurological Disorders . . . . 878Care of the Client with Hematological Disorders . . . . 883Answers to Practice Exam IV: Management and Alternative Item Exam Questions. . . . . 885Answers to Management Questions . . . . . . 885Alternative Item Answers . . . . . . . 894Part III: AppendixesAppendix A: Things You Forgot . . . . . . . . . 899Appendix B: Need to Know More?. . . . . . . . 905Appendix C: Calculations . . . . . . . . . 911Appendix D: Most Commonly-Prescribed Medications in the United States . . . . 915TOC, 9780789751065, 11/21/2013
