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Prepared by the Fire Protection Committee of the Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE
Structural Fire Engineering provides best practices for the field of performance-based structural fire engineering design. When structural systems are heated by fire, they experience thermal effects that are not contemplated by conventional structural engineering design. Traditionally, structural fire protection is prescribed for structures after they have been optimized for ambient design loads, such as gravity, wind, and seismic, among others. This century-old prescriptive framework endeavors to reduce the heating of individual structural components with the intent of mitigating the risk of structural failure under fire exposure. Accordingly, the vulnerability of buildings to structural failure from uncontrolled fire varies across jurisdictions-which have differing structural design requirements for ambient loads-and as a function of building system and component configuration. As an alternative approach, Standard ASCE 7-16 permits the application of performance-based structural fire design (also termed structural fire engineering design) to evaluate the performance of structural systems explicitly under fire exposure in a similar manner as other design loads are treated in structural engineering practice.
Structural fire engineering design is the calculated design of a structure to withstand the thermal load effects of fire, which have the potential to alter the integrity of a structure, based on specific performance criteria. This manual, MOP 138, addresses the current practice, thermal and structural analysis methods, and available information to support structural fire engineering design. It covers:
Background information on the protection of structures from fire and the effects of fire on different types of construction,
Key distinctions between standard fire resistance design and structural fire engineering design,
Guidance for evaluating thermal boundary conditions on a structure because of fire exposure and on conducting heat transfer calculations based on the material thermal properties,
Performance objectives for structures under fire exposure, and
Analysis techniques that can be used to quantify structural response to fire effects.
This Manual of Practice is a valuable resource for structural engineers, architects, building officials, and academics concerned with performance-based design for structural fire safety.
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1: INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL FIRE ENGINEERING DESIGN
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION AND KEY TERMINOLOGY
1.1 Overview
1.2 Background
Chapter 2: DESIGN APPROACHES
2.1 Overview
2.2 Standard Fire Resistance Design (SFRD)
3.2.1 Standard Fire Testing
3.2.2 Calculation Methods
2.3 Structural Fire Engineering Design (SFED)
3.3.1 Professional Responsibility
Chapter 3: PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
3.1 Minimum Performance Objectives
3.2 Discretionary Performance Objectives
Part 2: Thermal Response of Structures Under Fire
Chapter 4: Thermal Boundary Conditions
4.1 Fuel Load
4.2 Fire Exposure Conditions
4.2.1 Enclosure Fires
4.2.2 Localized Fires
4.2.3 Exterior Fire Exposure
4.2.4 Traveling Fires
4.2.5 Post-Hazard Event Fires
4.3 Fire Exposure Calculation Methods
4.3.1 Algebraic Correlations
4.3.2 Zone Models
4.3.3 Field Models
4.3.4 Validation of Fire Models
Chapter 5: MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES
5.1 SFRM
5.2 Gypsum Board Products
5.3 Intumescent Coatings
5.4 Steel
5.5 Concrete
5.6 Masonry
5.7 Timber
Chapter 6: HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATION
6.1 Steel Structures
6.1.1 Variability of SFRM Thickness and Density
6.1.2 Localized Insulation Damage
6.1.3 Thermal Bridging
6.2 Concrete Structures
6.3 Timber Structures
6.4 Nonuniform Heating
6.5 Mechanical Integrity
6.6 Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis
6.6.1 Lumped Mass Method
6.6.2 Finite Element Method
6.6.3 Finite Difference Method
Part 3: Structural Response to Fire Effects
Chapter 7: STRUCTURAL FIRE EFFECTS
7.1 Overview
7.2 Fire Effects on Structural Demand and Capacity
7.2.1 Thermal Expansion and Contraction
7.2.2 Nonuniform Heating
7.2.3 Cooling Phase Effects
7.3 Failure Modes
7.3.1 Structural Steel
7.3.2 Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
7.3.3 Timber
7.3.4 Nonstructural Components
Chapter 8: MECHANICAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES
8.1 Overview
8.2 Mechanical Properties of Steel
8.2.1 Structural Steel
8.2.2 High Strength Bolts
8.2.3 High Strength Steel
8.2.4 Cold Formed Steel
8.2.5 Steel Grades with Improved Properties
8.3 Mechanical Properties of Concrete and Reinforcing Steel
8.3.1 Concrete
8.3.2 Reinforcing Steel
8.3.3 Prestressing Steel
8.4 Mechanical Properties of Masonry
8.4.1 Stress-Strain-Temperature Response
8.5 Mechanical Properties of Timber
8.5.1 Moisture Effects
8.5.2 Parallel-to-Grain Properties
8.5.3 Perpendicular-to-Grain Properties
8.5.4 Char Rates
Chapter 9: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR FIRE EFFECTS
9.1 Load Combinations
9.2 Structural Analysis Tools
9.2.1 Mapping Thermal Results to the Structural Model
9.2.2 Simplified Analytical Tools
9.2.3 Finite Element Analysis
9.3 Structural Analysis Methods
9.3.1 Primary Structural Framing
9.3.2 Composite Slabs and Floor Systems
9.3.3 Structural Connections
9.3.4 Structural Walls
Chapter 10: STRUCTURAL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
10.1 Overview
10.2 Structural Steel
10.2.1 Local Behavior
10.2.2 Gross Member Behavior
10.2.3 Connection Design
10.2.4 Compartmentalization
10.2.5 Egress Path Levelness
10.2.6 Exit Stairways
10.3 Composite Steel and Concrete
101.3.1 Local Behavior
10.3.2 Gross Member
10.3.3 Connection Design
10.4 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
10.4.1 Concrete Cover Spalling
10.4.2 Local and Global Behavior
10.4.3 Analytical Tools and Analysis
10.5 Timber
10.5.1 Gross Member
10.5.2 Connection Design
INDEX
