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Full Description
Sponsored by the Sustainability Committee of the Special Design Issues Technical Administrative Committee of the Technical Activities Division of the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Structural Materials and Global Climate is a primer on greenhouse gas emissions for the structural engineering community, focusing on the impact of structural materials and systems. Building construction and use contribute more than 40% of human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases. Structural engineers can play a leading role in reducing carbon emissions by designing structures that emit fewer of these gases during construction, throughout building use, and at end of building life. This report explains the science behind climate change and practical ways structural engineers can help reduce the carbon footprint of buildings.
The report sets the stage with an introduction and overview of climate change science. It then examines how buildings contribute to climate change and introduces life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The report reviews the variability and uncertainties associated with LCA, and then explores LCA data sources and tools, as well as how LCA is incorporated into green rating systems and codes. The carbon dioxide impact of five primary structural materials (concrete, masonry, structural steel, wood, and fiber-reinforced polymers) are assessed, with guidance on how structural engineers can reduce that impact. A final chapter demonstrates how LCA may be used to understand the carbon dioxide impact of three alternative structural floor framing systems.
Structural and architectural engineers, as well as architects, construction managers, and building owners, will consult this report for accurate, practical recommendations on reducing emissions that cause climate change.
Contents
Preface
Contributors
Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Introduction
References
2 Climate Change
Why it Matters
Greenhouse Effect
Rising Concentration of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide Buildup
Global Warming Potential
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)
Embodied Energy and Carbon Footprint
Accelerating Factors
References
3 Contribution of Buildings to Climate Change
References
4 Uncertainty of Carbon Footprints: Data Quality and Variability
Data Quality
Data Variability
Conclusions/Recommendations
References
5 LCA, Data Sources, Tools, and Rating Systems
LCI Data Sources
LCA Tools
Building Codes, Standards, and Rating Systems
Environmental Product Declarations
References
6 Concrete
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cement Manufacturing
Calcination
Emissions from Burning Fossil Fuels During Cement Manufacturing
Concrete CO2e Emissions
Total CO2e Emissions from Concrete Use
Carbonation and Accounting for CO2 Uptake
Reducing CO2e Emissions in Design
Alternatives to Portland Cement
Concrete EPDs
References
7 Masonry
Size of Market
Manufacturing Process
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e) Emissions
Environmental Product Declarations
Strategies for Reducing CO2e Emissions
References
8 Steel Products
Steel Production Life-Cycle Stages
Structural Steel
Steel Reinforcement
Cold-Formed Steel Products
Specifying Sources of Steel Products with Lower CO2e Emissions
Product Category Rules and Environmental Product Declarations
Data Summary
References
9 Wood
Types and Characteristics of Lumber Today
Sourcing of Wood Products
CO2e Emissions at Each Life-Cycle Stage
Wood EPDs
Reducing CO2e Emissions in Design
References
10 Fiber Reinforced Polymers
About FRPs
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
Life-Cycle Stages
Functional Equivalence
References
11 Examples
Appendix Functionally Equivalent Material Comparison
Index
