Full Description
2015 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly Commended in Basic and Clinical Sciences Category! Anatomy texts just don't get any better than Gray's Anatomy for Students! Now in its 3rd edition, this completely revised medical textbook continues its focus on just the core information you need for your anatomy courses, presenting everything in an easy-to-read, visually appealing format that facilitates study. Obtain reliable, accessible coverage of everything you will learn in your contemporary anatomy classes with expert knowledge from a team of authors who share a wealth of diverse teaching and clinical experience.Easily locate and remember specific structures. More than 1,000 innovative, original illustrations by renowned illustrators Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson capture anatomical features with unrivalled clarity.Understand the practical applications of anatomical concepts through unique coverage of surface anatomy, correlative diagnostic images, and clinical case studies.Expedite the review of basic concepts from each chapter with Conceptual Overviews.Stay current and engaged in your anatomy courses with many new "In the Clinic" boxes, which offer access to in-depth clinical discussions related to specific diseases or procedures.Source your review material quickly and easily thanks to a list of additional relevant study aids at the beginning of each chapter.Improve your comprehension of cranial nerves with help from a brand-new visual map summarizing cranial nerve distribution and function.Access the entire contents online at Student Consult, where you can also take advantage of an online anatomy and embryology self-study course, medical clinical cases, physical therapy clinical cases, self-assessment questions, and more. Further enhance your learning by pairing this textbook with its companion review products, Gray's Anatomy for Students Flashcards, 3rd Edition (ISBN: 978-1-4557-1078-2) and Gray's Atlas of Anatomy 2nd Edition (ISBN 978-1-4557-4802-0)!Your purchase entitles you to access the web site until the next edition is published, or until the current edition is no longer offered for sale by Elsevier, whichever occurs first. If the next edition is published less than one year after your purchase, you will be entitled to online access for one year from your date of purchase. Elsevier reserves the right to offer a suitable replacement product (such as a downloadable or CD-ROM-based electronic version) should access to the web site be discontinued.
Contents
1 The bodyWhat is anatomy? 4How can gross anatomy be studied? 4Important anatomical terms 4Imaging 7Diagnostic imaging techniques 7Nuclear medicine imaging 10Image interpretation 11Plain radiography 12Computed tomography 12Magnetic resonance imaging 13Nuclear medicine imaging 13Safety in imaging 13Body systems 14Skeletal system 14Cartilage 14Bone 15Joints 20Skin and fascias 26Skin 26Fascia 26Muscular system 27Cardiovascular system 29Lymphatic system 31Lymphatic vessels 31Lymph nodes 32Lymphatic trunks and ducts 32Nervous system 34Central nervous system 34Functional subdivisions of the CNS 34Somatic part of the nervous system 35Visceral part of the nervous system 41Other systems 52Clinical cases 532 BackConceptual overview 56General description 56Functions 57Support 57Movement 57Protection of the nervous system 58Component parts 58Bones 58Muscles 60Vertebral canal 62Spinal nerves 63Relationship to other regions 64Head 64Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis 65Limbs 65Key features 65Long vertebral column and short spinal cord 65Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves 66Innervation of the back 66Regional anatomy 67Skeletal framework 67Vertebrae 67Intervertebral foramina 75Posterior spaces between vertebral arches 75Joints 79Joints between vertebrae in the back 79Ligaments 82Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments 82Ligamenta flava 82Supraspinous ligament and ligamentumnuchae 83Interspinous ligaments 84Back musculature 86Superficial group of back muscles 86Intermediate group of back muscles 92Deep group of back muscles 93Suboccipital muscles 99Spinal cord 101Vasculature 102Meninges 104Arrangement of structures in the vertebralcanal 106Spinal nerves 107Surface anatomy 112Back surface anatomy 112Absence of lateral curvatures 112Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittalplane 112Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks 112How to identify specific vertebral spinousprocesses 114Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord andsubarachnoid space 115Identifying major muscles 116Clinical cases 1183 ThoraxConceptual overview 124General description 124Functions 125Breathing 125Protection of vital organs 125Conduit 125Component parts 125Thoracic wall 125Superior thoracic aperture 126Inferior thoracic aperture 126Diaphragm 127Mediastinum 128Pleural cavities 128Relationship to other regions 129Neck 129Upper limb 130Abdomen 130Breast 130Key features 130Vertebral level TIV/V 130Venous shunts from left to right 132Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracicwall 132Sympathetic system 134Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture 134Innervation of the diaphragm 134Regional anatomy 137Pectoral region 137Breast 137Muscles of the pectoral region 139Thoracic wall 141Skeletal framework 141Intercostal spaces 147Diaphragm 156Venous drainage 158Innervation 158Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragmduring breathing 158Pleural cavities 159Pleura 159Lungs 163Mediastinum 176Middle mediastinum 177Superior mediastinum 204Posterior mediastinum 215Anterior mediastinum 223Surface anatomy 224Thorax surface anatomy 224How to count ribs 224Surface anatomy of the breast in women 225Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebrallevel 226Visualizing structures in the superiormediastinum 227Visualizing the margins of the heart 227Where to listen for heart sounds 228Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleuralrecesses, and lung lobes and fissures 228Where to listen for lung sounds 229Clinical cases 23344 AbdomenConceptual overview 246General description 246Functions 247Houses and protects major viscera 247Breathing 249Changes in intra-abdominal pressure 249Component parts 250Wall 250Abdominal cavity 251Inferior thoracic aperture 253Diaphragm 253Pelvic inlet 254Relationship to other regions 254Thorax 254Pelvis 254Lower limb 255Key features 256Arrangement of abdominal viscera in theadult 256Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateralabdominal wall and thoracic intercostalnerves 259The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominalwall 260Verterbral Level L1 262The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives aresupplied by three major arteries 262Venous shunts from left to right 264All venous drainage from the gastrointestinalsystem passes through the liver 265Abdominal viscera are supplied by a largeprevertebral plexus 266Regional anatomy 268Surface topography 268Four-quadrant pattern 268Nine-region pattern 269Abdominal wall 270Superficial fascia 270Anterolateral muscles 272Extraperitoneal fascia 278Peritoneum 279Innervation 279Arterial supply and venous drainage 280Lymphatic drainage 282Groin 282Inguinal canal 284Inguinal hernias 288Abdominal viscera 292Peritoneum 292Peritoneal cavity 293Organs 297Arterial supply 327Venous drainage 337Lymphatics 341Innervation 341Posterior abdominal region 348Posterior abdominal wall 349Viscera 355Vasculature 366Lymphatic system 372Nervous system in the posterior abdominalregion 374Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves 374Surface anatomy 382Abdomen surface anatomy 382Defining the surface projection of theabdomen 383How to find the superficial inguinal ring 384How to determine lumbar vertebral levels 385Visualizing structures at the L1 vertebrallevel 386Visualizing the position of major bloodvessels 387Using abdominal quadrants to locate majorviscera 388Defining surface regions to which pain from the gutis referred 389Where to find the kidneys 390Where to find the spleen 390Clinical cases 3915 Pelvis and perineumConceptual overview 406General description 406Functions 406Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal,and reproductive tracts 406Anchors the roots of the external genitalia 408Component parts 408Pelvic inlet 408Pelvic walls 409Pelvic outlet 409Pelvic floor 411Pelvic cavity 411Perineum 412Relationship to other regions 414Abdomen 414Lower limb 414Key features 415The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly 415Important structures cross the ureters in the pelviccavity 415The prostate is anterior to rectum 417The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cordsegments 417Nerves are related to bone 418Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levelsS2 to S4 controls erection 418Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineumintersect at the perineal body 419Gender determines the course of the urethra 419Regional anatomy 421Pelvis 421Bones 421Joints 426Orientation 428Gender differences 428True pelvis 429Vicera 438Fascia 458Peritoneum 460Nerves 462Blood vessels 471Lymphatics 477Perineum 478Borders and ceiling 478Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses 480Anal triangle 480Urogenital triangle 483Somatic nerves 490Visceral nerves 492Blood vessels 492Veins 494Lymphatics 496Surface anatomy 497Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum 497Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in theanatomical position 497How to define the margins of the perineum 497Identification of structures in the anal triangle 499Identification of structures in the urogenital triangleof women 500Identification of structures in the urogenital triangleof men 501Clinical cases 5046 Lower limbConceptual overview 512General introduction 512Function 513Support the body weight 513Locomotion 515Component parts 517Bones and joints 517Muscles 518Relationship to other regions 520Abdomen 520Pelvis 521Perineum 521Key points 521Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinalnerves 521Nerves related to bone 525Superficial veins 525Regional anatomy 526Bony pelvis 526Proximal femur 529Hip joint 532Gateways to the lower limb 535Nerves 537Arteries 540Veins 542Lymphatics 542Deep fascia and the saphenous opening 544Femoral triangle 545Gluteal region 547Muscles 548Nerves 551Arteries 554Veins 554Lymphatics 554Thigh 555Bones 555Muscles 561Arteries 569Veins 573Nerves 573Knee joint 575Tibiofibular joint 584Popliteal fossa 584Leg 585Bones 586Joints 588Posterior compartment of leg 588Lateral compartment of leg 595Anterior compartment of leg 596Foot 600Bones 600Joints 605Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of majorstructures at the ankle 612Arches of the foot 614Plantar aponeurosis 615Fibrous sheaths of toes 615Extensor hoods 616Intrinsic muscles 616Arteries 622Veins 624Nerves 624Surface anatomy 628Lower limb surface anatomy 628Avoiding the sciatic nerve 628Finding the femoral artery in the femoraltriangle 630Identifying structures around the knee 630Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa 632Finding the tarsal tunnel-the gateway to thefoot 633Identifying tendons around the ankle and in thefoot 634Finding the dorsalis pedis artery 635Approximating the position of the plantar arterialarch 635Major superficial veins 636Pulse points 637Clinical cases 63877 Upper limbConceptual overview 650General description 650Functions 651Positioning the hand 651The hand as a mechanical tool 651The hand as a sensory tool 654Component parts 654Bones and joints 654Muscles 655Relationship to other regions 657Neck 657Back and thoracic wall 658Key points 659Innervation by cervical and upper thoracicnerves 659Nerves related to bone 663Superficial veins 663Orientation of the thumb 664Regional anatomy 665Shoulder 665Bones 665Joints 668Muscles 675Posterior scapular region 678Muscles 678Gateways to the posterior scapular region 680Nerves 682Arteries and veins 682Axilla 684Axillary inlet 685Anterior wall 686Medial wall 688Lateral wall 690Posterior wall 691Gateways in the posterior wall 692Floor 693Contents of the axilla 693Arm 710Bones 712Muscles 715Arteries and veins 717Nerves 720Elbow joint 724Cubital fossa 729Forearm 731Bones 732Joints 734Anterior compartment of the forearm 736Muscles 736Arteries and veins 742Nerves 743Posterior compartment of the forearm 745Muscles 745Arteries and veins 750Nerves 751Hand 751Bones 752Joints 754Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist 756Palmar aponeurosis 758Palmaris brevis 759Anatomical snuffbox 759Fibrous digital sheaths 759Extensor hoods 760Muscles 762Arteries and veins 767Nerves 770Surface anatomy 775Upper limb surface anatomy 775Bony landmarks and muscles of the posteriorscapular region 775Visualizing the axilla and locating contents andrelated structures 777Locating the brachial artery in the arm 779The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radialnerve 779Cubital fossa (anterior view) 779Identifying tendons and locating major vessels andnerves in the distal forearm 781Normal appearance of the hand 782Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrentbranch of the median nerve 783Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves inthe hand 783Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deeppalmar arches 784Pulse points 784Clinical cases 7868 Head and neckConceptual overview 796General description 796Head 796Neck 798Functions 799Protection 799Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestivetracts 799Communication 800Positioning the head 800Connects the upper and lower respiratory anddigestive tracts 800Component parts 800Skull 800Cervical vertebrae 802Hyoid bone 803Soft palate 804Muscles 804Relationship to other regions 805Thorax 805Upper limbs 805Key features 806Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI 806Airway in the neck 806Cranial nerves 807Cervical nerves 808Functional separation of the digestive andrespiratory passages 808Triangles of the neck 811Regional anatomy 812Skull 812Anterior view 812Lateral view 814Posterior view 816Superior view 818Inferior view 819Cranial cavity 822Roof 822Floor 823Meninges 830Cranial dura mater 830Arachnoid mater 833Pia mater 833Arrangement of meninges and spaces 834Brain and its blood supply 835Brain 835Blood supply 837Venous drainage 842Cranial nerves 848Olfactory nerve [I] 849Optic nerve [II] 850Oculomotor nerve [III] 850Trochlear nerve [IV] 850Trigeminal nerve [V] 851Ophthalmic nerve [V1] 852Maxillary nerve [V2] 852Mandibular nerve [V3] 852Abducent nerve [VI] 852Facial nerve [VII] 852Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] 853Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] 853Vagus nerve [X] 853Accessory nerve [XI] 854Hypoglossal nerve [XII] 854Face 856Muscles 857Parotid gland 863Innervation 865Vessels 869Scalp 873Layers 873Innervation 874Vessels 876Lymphatic drainage 877Orbit 878Bony orbit 878Eyelids 879Lacrimal apparatus 882Sensory innervation 882Fissures and foramina 885Fascial specializations 886Muscles 887Vessels 892Innervation 893Eyeball 898Ear 902External ear 903Middle ear 906Internal ear 913Temporal and infratemporal fossae 920Bony framework 920Temporomandibular joints 922Masseter muscle 925Temporal fossa 926Infratemporal fossa 929Pterygopalatine fossa 940Skeletal framework 940Gateways 941Contents 942Neck 947Fascia 948Superficial venous drainage 950Anterior triangle of the neck 954Posterior triangle of the neck 968Root of the neck 976Pharynx 985Skeletal framework 986Pharyngeal wall 987Fascia 990Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passingthrough them 990Nasopharynx 991Oropharynx 993Laryngopharynx 993Tonsils 993Vessels 994Nerves 996Larynx 997Laryngeal cartilages 998Extrinsic ligaments 1000Intrinsic ligaments 1001Laryngeal joints 1002Cavity of the larynx 1003Intrinsic muscles 1005Function of the larynx 1008Vessels 1010Nerves 1012Nasal cavities 1013Lateral wall 1014Regions 1015Innervation and blood supply 1016Skeletal framework 1016External nose 1018Paranasal sinuses 1018Walls, floor, and roof 1020Nares 1024Choanae 1024Gateways 1024Vessels 1026Innervation 1028Oral cavity 1030Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity 1031Skeletal framework 1031Walls: the cheeks 1034Floor 1035Tongue 1037Salivary glands 1044Roof-palate 1047Oral fissure and lips 1055Oropharyngeal isthmus 1055Teeth and gingivae 1056Surface anatomy 1061Head and neck surface anatomy 1061Anatomical position of the head and majorlandmarks 1062Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVIvertebral levels 1063How to outline the anterior and posterior trianglesof the neck 1063How to locate the cricothyroid ligament 1064How to find the thyroid gland 1065Estimating the position of the middle meningealartery 1066Major features of the face 1067The eye and lacrimal apparatus 1068External ear 1069Pulse points 1070Clinical cases 1071
