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Full Description
The 'Alawis, or Alawites, are a prominent religious minority in northern Syria, Lebanon, and southern Turkey, best known today for enjoying disproportionate political power in war-torn Syria. In this book, Stefan Winter offers a complete history of the community, from the birth of the 'Alawi (Nusayri) sect in the tenth century to just after World War I, the establishment of the French mandate over Syria, and the early years of the Turkish republic. Winter draws on a wealth of Ottoman archival records and other sources to show that the 'Alawis were not historically persecuted as is often claimed, but rather were a fundamental part of Syrian and Turkish provincial society. Winter argues that far from being excluded on the basis of their religion, the 'Alawis were in fact fully integrated into the provincial administrative order.
Profiting from the economic development of the coastal highlands, particularly in the Ottoman period, they fostered a new class of local notables and tribal leaders, participated in the modernizing educational, political, and military reforms of the nineteenth century, and expanded their area of settlement beyond its traditional mountain borders to emerge from centuries of Sunni imperial rule as a bona fide sectarian community. Using an impressive array of primary materials spanning nearly ten centuries, A History of the 'Alawis provides a crucial new narrative about the development of 'Alawi society.
Contents
List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Classical Perceptions of 'Alawism, Nomenclaturism, and Dissimulation * Sources and Argument 1 The Nusayris in Medieval Syria: From Religious Sect to Confessional Community (Tenth-Twelfth Centuries CE ) 11 Ghulat Shi'i Origins * The Nusayri (Khasibi) Da'wa * The Conversion of the Syrian Highlands * Between the Ismailis and the Crusaders * Makzun al-Sinjari * Conclusion: The Birth of a Minority 2 Beyond the Mountain Refuge: 'Alawism and the Sunni State (Thirteenth-FFifteenth Centuries) 43 The Defeat of the Ishaqis and the Hululi-Thamina Controversy * Relations with the State Authorities and the Ismailis * Ibn Taymiyya and the Politics of Persecution * The Uprising of 1318 * Mamluk Fiscal Policies toward the 'Alawis * Conclusion: The Persecution Syndrome 3 Survey and Punish: The 'Alawis' Integration into the Ottoman Empire (1516-1645) 74 The Ottoman Conquest * The 'Alawi Rebellion * The Dirhemu'r-Rical and the Tax Districts of the Coastal Highlands * The Province of Jabala under Ottoman Rule * Conclusion: From Rebels to Reaya 4 The Age of Autonomy: 'Alawi Notables as Ottoman Tax Farmers (1667-1808) 119 'Alawi Tribalism, Tribalization, and Gentry * The Shamsins and the Mukataa of Safita * The Bayt al-Shillif * The Rise of Latakia * Population Pressure and Migration toward Antioch * The Townships (Hillas) of Safita and the Barakat and Raslan Families * Saqr ibn Mahfuz * The War with the Ismailis * conclusion: The Economics of Anarchy 5 Imperial Reform and Internal Colonization: 'Alawi Society in the Face of Modernity (1808-1888) 161 The Disappearance of Ottoman Tripoli * Conversion and Sectarianization * Shaykh al-Moghrabi * The Egyptian Occupation, 1831-1841 * A World Restored * The Struggle over Schooling * The Plight of the Minorities * Administrative Modernity * Conclusion: 'Alawi Ottomanism and Compatriotism 6 Not Yet Nationals: Arabism, Kemalism, and the Alaouites (1888-1936) 218 Hamidian Reeducation * Loyalty and Control * The 'Alawi Awakening * Salih al-'Ali and the Guney Cephesi (Southern Front) * Mandate vs. Republic * Conclusion: The Double Disservice Conclusion 269 From the Sectarian to the Local Bibliography 275 Index 295
