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基本説明
Introduces the theory and practical tools needed to analyze markets for singularities. Singularities are goods and services that cannot be studied by standard methods because they are multidimensional, incommensurable, and of uncertain quality.
Full Description
In this landmark work of economic sociology, Lucien Karpik introduces the theory and practical tools needed to analyze markets for singularities. Singularities are goods and services that cannot be studied by standard methods because they are multidimensional, incommensurable, and of uncertain quality. Examples include movies, novels, music, artwork, fine wine, lawyers, and doctors. Valuing the Unique provides a theoretical framework to explain this important class of products and markets that for so long have eluded neoclassical economics. With this innovative theory--called the economics of singularities--Karpik shows that, because of the uncertainty and the highly subjective valuation of singularities, these markets are necessarily equipped with what he calls "judgment devices"--such as labels, brands, guides, critics, and rankings--which provide consumers with the credible knowledge needed to make reasonable choices. He explains why these markets are characterized by the primacy of competition by qualities over competition by prices, and he identifies the conditions under which singularities are constructed or are in danger of losing their uniqueness.
After demonstrating how combinations of the numerous and multiform judgment devices can be used to identify different market models, Karpik applies his analytical tools to the functioning of a large number of actual markets, including fine wines, movies, luxury goods, pop music, and legal services.
Contents
List of Illustrations and Tables ix Preface xi Part One: An Overlooked Reality Chapter One: The Problem 3 Chapter Two: Singularities 10 What Are Singularities? 10 A Preliminary Journey 13 The Market of Psychoanalysis 15 Two Models of Singularity 16 Chapter Three: Do We Need Another Market Theory? 21 What Mainstream Economics Could Only Ignore 21 What the "New Economics" Chose to Ignore 23 Part Two: Tools for Analysis Chapter Four: Judgment 35 Can Economic Analysis Ignore Information? 35 Decision and Judgment 36 What Is Judgment? 39 Chapter Five: Judgment Devices 44 Devices Are Representatives 46 Devices Are Cognitive Supports 49 Devices Are Active Forces 51 Chapter Six: Trust Devices 55 Formal Analysis 57 Substantive Analysis 58 Chapter Seven: Homo singularis 67 Value and Instrumentality 68 Shopping 73 The Red Michelin Guide: A Paper Engine 77 How Many Ninth Symphonies Did Beethoven Compose? 80 Chapter Eight: The Metamorphosis of Singularities 87 The Weight of Words 88 Can Sameness Engender Incommensurability? 89 Chapter Nine: The Regimes of Economic Coordination 96 A Classification of the Economic Coordination Regimes 97 Consumer Commitments and Coordination Regimes 103 Interlude 106 Part Three: Economic Coordination RegimesImpersonal Devices Regimes 131 Chapter Ten: The Authenticity Regime 133 The Market of Fine Wines 135 The Hachette and the Parker Guides to Wine 138 The Intelligentsia, Connoisseurs, and the Layman 141 Vulnerability of the French Fine- Wines Market? 144 Chapter Eleven: The Mega Regime 148 Megafilms 148 The Luxury Megafirm 157 The Megabrand 163 Chapter Twelve: The Expert- Opinion Regime 167 Literary Prizes 167 Trendsetters and Gatekeepers 170 Public Quality- Rating Devices 171 Chapter Thirteen: The Common- Opinion Regime 174 Songs 175 Adjustment by the Charts 177 Personal Devices Regimes 181 Chapter Fourteen: The Network- Market 183 The Personal Network 183 The Trade Network 185 The Practitioner Network 186 Chapter Fifteen: The Reticular Coordination Regime 188 Coordination by Shared Convictions 188 Coordination by Belief in Miracle Workers 191 Chapter Sixteen: The Professional Coordination Regime 195 Professional Regime Variants 196 Legal- Services Coordination Regime Variants 203 Chapter Seventeen: Prices 209 Concordance 211 Disproportion 219 Part Four: Finale Chapter Eighteen: The Historicity of Singularities 229 The Rule of Product Renewal 232 Desingularization of Personalized Services 236 Desingularization of Pop Music 242 Chapter Nineteen: Conclusion: Economics of Singularities and Individualism 255 On Individualism 256 Singularities and Individualism 261 Index 265
