基本説明
Traces the historical origins of social policy in these regions to crucial political changes in the mid-twentieth century, and shows how the legacies of these early choices are influencing welfare reform following democratization and globalization.
Full Description
This is the first book to compare the distinctive welfare states of Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman trace the historical origins of social policy in these regions to crucial political changes in the mid-twentieth century, and show how the legacies of these early choices are influencing welfare reform following democratization and globalization. After World War II, communist regimes in Eastern Europe adopted wide-ranging socialist entitlements while conservative dictatorships in East Asia sharply limited social security but invested in education. In Latin America, where welfare systems were instituted earlier, unequal social-security systems favored formal sector workers and the middle class. Haggard and Kaufman compare the different welfare paths of the countries in these regions following democratization and the move toward more open economies. Although these transformations generated pressure to reform existing welfare systems, economic performance and welfare legacies exerted a more profound influence.
The authors show how exclusionary welfare systems and economic crisis in Latin America created incentives to adopt liberal social-policy reforms, while social entitlements from the communist era limited the scope of liberal reforms in the new democracies of Eastern Europe. In East Asia, high growth and permissive fiscal conditions provided opportunities to broaden social entitlements in the new democracies. This book highlights the importance of placing the contemporary effects of democratization and globalization into a broader historical context.
Contents
List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Preface and Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations xxiii INTRODUCTION: Toward a Political Economy of Social Policy 1 PART ONE: The Historical Origins of Welfare Systems, 1945-80 25 CHAPTER ONE: Social Policy in Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe, 1945-80: An Overview 27 CHAPTER TWO: The Expansion of Welfare Commitments in Latin America, 1945-80 79 CHAPTER THREE: The Evolution of Social Contracts in East Asia, 1950-80 114 CHAPTER FOUR: Building the Socialist Welfare State: The Expansion of Welfare Commitments in Eastern Europe 143 PART TWO: Democratization, Economic Crisis, and Welfare Reform, 1980-2005 179 CHAPTER FIVE: The Political Economy of Welfare Reform 181 CHAPTER SIX: Democracy, Growth, and the Evolution of Social Contracts in East Asia, 1980-2005 221 CHAPTER SEVEN: Democracy, Economic Crisis, and Social Policy in Latin America, 1980-2005 262 CHAPTER EIGHT: The Legacy of the Socialist Welfare State, 1990-2005 305 CONCLUSION: Latin America, East Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Theory of the Welfare State 346 APPENDIX ONE: Cross-National Empirical Studies of the Effects of Democracy on Social Policy and Social Outcomes 365 APPENDIX TWO: Fiscal Federalism and Social Spending in Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe 370 APPENDIX THREE: A Cross-Section Model of Social Policy and Outcomes in Middle-Income Countries, 1973-80 372 APPENDIX FOUR: Regime-Coding Rules 379 APPENDIX FIVE: A Cross-Section, Time-Series Model of Social Spending in Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe, 1980-2000 382 APPENDIX SIX: Social Security, Health, and Education Expenditure in East Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, 1980-2005 387 References 399 Index 449
