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Southeast Asia has a population of more than half a billion, yet its economy is dominated by about 40 families, most of Overseas Chinese descent. Their conglomerates span sectors as diverse as real estate, telecommunications, hotels, industrial goods, computers and sugar plantations. New Asian Emperors shows how and why Overseas Chinese companies continue to dominate the region and have extended their reach in East Asia, despite the Asian financial and SARS crises of the past decade. The authors base their conclusions on in-depth structured interviews spanning a decade with the often elusive Overseas Chinese CEOs including Li Ka-shing, Stan Shih, Victor Fung, Stephen Riady and Sukanto Tanoto, as well as on the strategic information that their companies use. The analysis of the New Asian Emperors' present-day management techniques and practices draws on the history, culture and philosophical perspectives of the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. In the midst of today's global economic crisis, this book also takes a fresh look at the role and management practices of the Overseas Chinese as they continue to create some of Asia's wealthiest and most successful companies.
New Asian Emperors explains:
The sources and characteristics of Overseas Chinese management
Whether Overseas Chinese management practices will spread in the same way that Japanese management did in the 1970s
Whether Western management technologies have found themselves outmaneuvered in Asia's post-crisis arena
The Overseas Chinese managers' strategies for the informational black hole of Southeast Asia and what Western managers can learn from them
The New Asian Emperors' unique strategic perspectives and management styles revealed through exclusive, in-depth interviews
The implications for successfully co-operating and competing with the Overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia
New Asian Emperors offers key insights into the Overseas Chinese and the important role that cultural roots play in their dominance of Southeast Asian business.
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Part I: The Foundations of Understanding
Chapter 1: Introducing the Overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia 3
Patterns of Chinese Migration 6
The trader pattern 6
The coolie pattern 7
The sojourner pattern 7
The re-migrant pattern 7
Who Are the Overseas Chinese? 8
What Is a Network? 15
The Role of the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia 26
The Role of the Overseas Chinese Worldwide 30
Following Chapters 31
Chapter 2: Confucianism Plus: The Philosophical and Cultural Roots of the Overseas Chinese 33
Confucianism's Influence on Chinese Trade and Economics 42
The Family 50
The Relationships and Ethical Behavior 54
Differing Ethical Concepts 57
Chapter 3: The Overseas Chinese Today: Not the Family Business, But the Family as a Business 61
What Is a Chinese Network? 62
Discontinuity 62
Hierarchical and dyadic ties 63
Uprightness 65
Contextual morality 67
Flexible boundaries 68
Historical and Environmental Effects on the Overseas Chinese Business Networks 68
Distinguishing Cultural Traits 79
Firm-related attributes 80
Loyalty-related attributes 82
Trust-related attributes 83
How Networks Permeate Formal Structures 85
Part II: The Foundations of Analysis
Chapter 4: Introduction to an Informational Void: The Black Hole of Southeast Asia 91
The Informational Black Hole of Southeast Asia 94
Operating in an Informational Black Hole 114
Hands-on experience 127
Transfer of knowledge 128
Qualitative information 130
Holistic information processing 132
Action-driven decision making 132
Emergent planning 133
Chapter 5: Strategic Management of the Overseas Chinese Business Groups: Deciphering Patterns 137
Tacit Knowledge and the Informational Black Hole 138
Strategic Planning and the Networks 141
Planning, classically 142
Developing core competencies 144
Crafting strategies 145
A Summary of Overseas Chinese Management Practices 148
The Overseas Chinese and crafting strategy 149
How the Overseas Chinese plan 151
The Overseas Chinese and their core competencies 158
Part III: The Implications for Business
Chapter 6: In the Aftermath of the Asian Crises: Revolution or Evolution? 169
The Path of Destruction 170
The 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis 170
The 2002-2004 SARS crisis 173
The Post-crises Evolution of Overseas Chinese
Business Groups 175
Competitive Advantages of the Overseas Chinese 180
Speed 182
Knowledge 183
Guanxi 185
Empowerment 188
Competitive Disadvantages of the Overseas Chinese 190
Home turf only 190
Susceptibility to blind-siding 192
Poor proprietary capabilities 193
x new asian emperors
Family limits 194
Lack of professionalization 196
Chapter 7: Competitive Implications of the Overseas Chinese: Doing Business with the New Asian Emperors 199
General Implications for Multinationals 200
Specific Implications for Multinationals 204
Strategic competitiveness 204
Human resource practices 206
Products and technology 209
Contract flexibility 211
Distribution 212
Promotion and pricing 213
Implications for Regional Governments 213
Implications for Researchers 219
Speculations About the Future 221
The Adaptive-Action Road Map 224
The road of knowledge 228
The road of speed 229
The road of action 229
The road of results 230
The road of relationships 230
The road of quality 232
The road of passion 232
The road of legacy 233
Bibliography 235
Appendix: List of Interviewees 245
Index 247
