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Full Description
The coastal zone is one of the most dynamic environments on our planet and is much affected by global change, especially sea-level rise. Coastal environments harbour valuable ecosystems, but they are also hugely important from a societal point of view. This book, which draws on the expertise of 21 leading international coastal scientists, represents an up-to-date account of coastal environments and past, present and future impacts of global change. The first chapter of the book outlines key principles that underpin coastal systems and their behaviour. This is followed by a discussion of key processes, including sea level change, sedimentation, storms, waves and tides, that drive coastal change. The main part of the book consists of a discussion of the main coastal environments (beaches, dunes, barriers, salt marshes, tidal flats, estuaries, coral reefs, deltas, rocky and glaciated coasts and coastal groundwater), and how these are affected by global change. The final chapter highlights strategies for coping with coastal change.
Readership: final year undergraduate and postgraduate-level students on coastal courses in a wide range subjects, including geography, environmental management, geology, oceanography and coastal/civil engineering. The book will also be a valuable resource for researchers and applied scientists dealing with coastal environments. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/masselink/coastal
Contents
Contributors, viii About the Companion Website, ix 1 Introduction to Coastal Environments and Global Change, 1 Gerd Masselink and Roland Gehrels 1.1 Setting the scene, 1 1.2 Coastal morphodynamics, 5 1.3 Climate change, 13 1.4 Modelling coastal change, 18 1.5 Summary, 24 Key publications, 25 References, 25 2 Sea Level, 28 Glenn A. Milne 2.1 Introduction, 28 2.2 Quaternary sea-level change, 34 2.3 Recent and future sea-level change, 42 2.4 Summary, 49 Key publications, 50 Acknowledgements, 50 References, 50 3 Environmental Control: Geology and Sediments, 52 Edward J. Anthony 3.1 Geology and sediments: setting boundary conditions for coasts, 52 3.2 Geology and coasts, 54 3.3 Sediments and coasts, 62 3.4 Human impacts on sediment supply to coasts, 75 3.5 Climate change, geology and sediments, 75 3.6 Summary, 76 Key publications, 77 References, 77 4 Drivers: Waves and Tides, 79 Daniel C. Conley 4.1 Physical drivers of the coastal environment, 79 4.2 Waves, 79 4.3 Tides, 96 4.4 Summary, 102 Key publications, 102 References, 103 5 Coastal Hazards: Storms and Tsunamis, 104 Adam D. Switzer 5.1 Coastal hazards, 104 5.2 Extratropical storms and tropical cyclones, 108 5.3 Tsunamis, 114 5.4 Overwash, 118 5.5 Palaeostudies of coastal hazards, 121 5.6 Integrating hazard studies with coastal planning, 123 5.7 Cyclones in a warmer world, 125 5.8 Summary, 126 Key publications, 126 References, 126 6 Coastal Groundwater, 128 William P. Anderson, Jr. 6.1 Introduction, 128 6.2 The subterranean estuary, 129 6.3 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), 133 6.4 Controls on SGD variability, 134 6.5 Human influences, 142 6.6 Influence of global climate change, 146 6.7 Summary, 147 Key publications, 148 References, 148 7 Beaches, 149 Gerben Ruessink and Roshanka Ranasinghe 7.1 Introduction, 149 7.2 Nearshore hydrodynamics, 153 7.3 Surf-zone morphology, 158 7.4 Anthropogenic activities, 167 7.5 Climate change, 171 7.6 Summary, 175 Key publications, 175 References, 176 8 Coastal Dunes, 178 Karl F. Nordstrom 8.1 Conditions for dune formation, 178 8.2 Dunes as habitat, 183 8.3 Dunes in developed areas, 183 8.4 Dune restoration and management, 186 8.5 Effects of future climate change, 190 8.6 Summary, 192 Key publications, 192 References, 192 9 Barrier Systems, 194 Sytze van Heteren 9.1 Definition and description of barriers and barrier systems, 194 9.2 Classification, 195 9.3 Barrier sub-environments, 202 9.4 Theories on barrier formation, 203 9.5 Modes of barrier behaviour, 203 9.6 Drivers in barrier development and behaviour, 206 9.7 Barrier sequences as archives of barrier behaviour, 219 9.8 Lessons from numerical and conceptual models, 219 9.9 Coastal-zone management and global change, 221 9.10 Future perspectives, 221 9.11 Summary, 223 Key publications, 224 References, 225 10 Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes, 227 Kerrylee Rogers and Colin D. Woodroffe 10.1 Introduction, 227 10.2 Tidal flats, 227 10.3 Salt marshes, 235 10.4 Human influences, 245 10.5 Summary, 247 Key publications, 248 References, 248 11 Mangrove Shorelines, 251 Colin D. Woodroffe, Catherine E. Lovelock and Kerrylee Rogers 11.1 Introduction, 251 11.2 Mangrove adaptation in relation to climate zones, 251 11.3 Mangrove biogeography, 253 11.4 Zonation and succession, 253 11.5 Geomorphological setting and ecosystem functioning, 256 11.6 Sedimentation and morphodynamic feedback, 256 11.7 Mangrove response to sea-level change, 260 11.8 Human influences, 261 11.9 Impact of future climate and sea-level change, 263 11.10 Summary, 264 Key publications, 265 References, 265 12 Estuaries and Tidal Inlets, 268 Duncan FitzGerald, Ioannis Georgiou and Michael Miner 12.1 Introduction, 268 12.2 Estuaries, 269 12.3 Tidal inlets, 278 12.4 Summary, 296 References, 296 13 Deltas, 299 Edward J. Anthony 13.1 Deltas: definition, context and environment, 299 13.2 Delta sub-environments, 305 13.3 The morphodynamic classification of river deltas, 306 13.4 Sediment trapping processes in deltas and coastal sediment redistribution, 318 13.5 Delta initiation, development and destruction, 322 13.6 Syn-sedimentary deformation in deltas and ancient deltaic deposits, 327 13.7 Deltas, human impacts, climate change and sea-level rise, 328 13.8 Summary, 335 Key publications, 335 References, 335 14 High-Latitude Coasts, 338 Aart Kroon 14.1 Introduction to high-latitude coasts, 338 14.2 Ice-related coastal processes, 340 14.3 Terrestrial ice in coastal environments, 342 14.4 Coastal geomorphology and coastal responses, 343 14.5 Relative sea-level change, 348 14.6 Climate change predictions and impacts for high-latitude coasts, 349 14.7 Future perspectives, 351 14.8 Summary, 353 Key publications, 353 References, 353 15 Rock Coasts, 356 Wayne Stephenson 15.1 Introduction, 356 15.2 Geology and lithology, 357 15.3 Processes acting on rock coasts, 359 15.4 Rock coast landforms, 367 15.5 Towards a morphodynamic model for rock coasts, 372 15.6 Impacts of climate change on rock coasts, 375 15.7 Summary, 378 Key publications, 378 References, 378 16 Coral Reefs, 380 Paul Kench 16.1 Coral reefs in context, 380 16.2 Coral reefs and their geomorphic complexity, 381 16.3 Coral reef development, 388 16.4 Reef island formation and morphodynamics, 392 16.5 Management in reef environments, 397 16.6 Future trajectories of coral reef landforms, 401 16.7 Summary, 406 Key publications, 407 References, 407 17 Coping with Coastal Change, 410 Robert J. Nicholls, Marcel J.F. Stive and Richard S.J. Tol 17.1 Introduction, 410 17.2 Drivers of coastal change and variability, 411 17.3 Coastal change and resulting impacts, 416 17.4 Impacts of coastal change since 1900, 418 17.5 Future impacts of coastal change, 419 17.6 Responding to coastal change, 420 17.7 Concluding thoughts, 428 17.8 Summary, 428 Key publications, 429 References, 429 Geographical Index, 432 Subject Index, 436
