基本説明
Focuses on conceptual explanations and the use of statistical computing in an effort to guide readers through the integration of design, statistical methodology, and computation to answer specific research questions regarding group differences.
Full Description
A hands-on guide to using R to carry out key statistical practices in educational and behavioral sciences research Computing has become an essential part of the day-to-day practice of statistical work, broadening the types of questions that can now be addressed by research scientists applying newly derived data analytic techniques. Comparing Groups: Randomization and Bootstrap Methods Using R emphasizes the direct link between scientific research questions and data analysis. Rather than relying on mathematical calculations, this book focus on conceptual explanations and the use of statistical computing in an effort to guide readers through the integration of design, statistical methodology, and computation to answer specific research questions regarding group differences.
Utilizing the widely-used, freely accessible R software, the authors introduce a modern approach to promote methods that provide a more complete understanding of statistical concepts. Following an introduction to R, each chapter is driven by a research question, and empirical data analysis is used to provide answers to that question. These examples are data-driven inquiries that promote interaction between statistical methods and ideas and computer application. Computer code and output are interwoven in the book to illustrate exactly how each analysis is carried out and how output is interpreted. Additional topical coverage includes:
Data exploration of one variable and multivariate data
Comparing two groups and many groups
Permutation tests, randomization tests, and the independent samples t-Test
Bootstrap tests and bootstrap intervals
Interval estimates and effect sizes
Throughout the book, the authors incorporate data from real-world research studies as well aschapter problems that provide a platform to perform data analyses. A related Web site features a complete collection of the book's datasets along with the accompanying codebooks and the R script files and commands, allowing readers to reproduce the presented output and plots.
Comparing Groups: Randomization and Bootstrap Methods Using R is an excellent book for upper-undergraduate and graduate level courses on statistical methods, particularlyin the educational and behavioral sciences. The book also serves as a valuable resource for researchers who need a practical guide to modern data analytic and computational methods.
Contents
List of Figures. List of Tables.
Foreword.
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
1. An Introduction to R.
1.1 Getting Started.
1.2 Arithmetic: R as a Calculator.
1.3 Computations in R: Functions.
1.4 Connecting Computations.
1.5 Data Structures: Vectors.
1.6 Getting Help.
1.7 Alternative Ways to Run R.
1.8 Extension: Matrices and Matrix Operations.
1.9 Further Reading.
Problems.
2. Data Representation and Preparation.
2.1 Tabular Data.
2.2 Data Entry.
2.3 Reading Delimited Data into R.
2.4 Data Structure: Data Frames.
2.5 Recording Syntax using Script Files.
2.6 Simple Graphing in R.
2.7 Extension: Logical Expressions and Graphs for Categorical Variables.
2.8 Further Reading.
Problems.
3. Data Exploration: One Variable.
3.1 Reading in the Data.
3.2 Non-Parametric Density Estimation.
3.3 Summarizing the Findings.
3.4 Extension: Variability Bands for Kernel Densities.
3.5 Further Reading.
Problems.
4. Exploration of Multivariate Data: Comparing Two Groups.
4.1 Graphically Summarizing the Marginal Distribution.
4.2 Graphically Summarizing Conditional Distributions.
4.4 Numerical Summaries of Data: Estimates of the Population Parameters.
4.4 Summarizing the Findings.
4.5 Extension: Robust Estimation.
4.6 Further Reading.
Problems.
5. Exploration of Multivariate Data: Comparing Many Groups.
5.1 Graphing Many Conditional Distributions.
5.2 Numerically Summarizing the Data.
5.3 Summarizing the Findings.
5.4 Examining Distributions Conditional on Multiple Variables.
5.5 Extension: Conditioning on Continuous Variables.
5.6 Further Reading.
Problems.
6. Randomization & Permutation Tests.
6.1 Randomized Experimental Research.
6.2 An Introduction to the Randomization Test.
6.3 Randomization Tests with Large Samples: Monte Carlo Simulation.
6.4 Validity of the Inferences and Conclusions Drawn from a Randomization Test.
6.5 Generalization from the Randomization Results.
6.6 Summarizing the Results for Publication.
6.7 Extension: Test of the Variance.
Further Reading.
Problems.
7. Bootstrap Tests.
7.1 Educational Achievement of Latino Immigrants.
7.2 Probability Models: An Interlude.
7.3 Theoretical Probability Models in R.
7.4 Parametric Bootstrap Tests.
7.5 The Parametric Bootstrap.
7.6 Implementing the Parametric Bootstrap in R.
7.7 Summarizing the Results of the Parametric Bootstrap Test.
7.8 Nonparametric Bootstrap Tests.
7.9 Summarizing the Results for the Nonparametric Bootstrap Test.
7.10 Bootstrapping Using a Pivot Statistic.
7.11 Independence Assumption for the Bootstrap Methods.
7.12 Extension: Testing Functions.
7.13 Further Reading.
Problems.
8. Philosophical Considerations.
8.1 The Randomization Test vs. the Bootstrap Test.
8.2 Philosophical Frameworks of Classical Inference.
9. Bootstrap Intervals and Effect Sizes.
9.1 Educational Achievement Among Latino Immigrants: Example Revisited.
9.2 Plausible Models to Reproduce the Observed Result.
9.3 Bootstrapping Using an Alternative Model.
9.4 Interpretation of the Interval Estimate.
9.5 Adjusted Bootstrap Intervals.
9.6 Standardized Effect Size: Quantifying the Group Differences in a Common Metric.
9.7 Summarizing the Results.
9.8 Extension: Bootstrapping the Confidence Envelope for a Q-Q Plot.
9.9 Confidence Envelopes.
9.10 Further Reading.
Problems.
10. Dependent Samples.
10.1 Matching: Reducing the Likelihood of Non-Equivalent Groups.
10.2 Mathematics Achievement Study Design.
10.3 Randomization/Permutation Test for Dependent Samples.
10.4 Effect Size.
10.5 Summarizing the Results of a Dependent Samples Test for Publication.
10.6 To Match or Not to Match: That is the Question.
10.7 Extension: Block Bootstrap.
10.8 Further Reading.
Problems.
11. Planned Contrasts.
11.1 Planned Comparisons.
11.2 Examination of Weight Loss Conditioned on Diet.
11.3 From Research Questions to Hypotheses.
11.4 Statistical Contrasts.
11.5 Computing the Estimated Contrasts Using the Observed Data.
11.6 Testing Contrasts: Randomization Test.
11.7 Strength of Association: A Measure of Effect.
11.8 Contrast Sum of Squares.
11.9 Eta-Squared for Contrasts.
11.10 Bootstrap Interval for Eta-Squared.
11.11 Summarizing the Results of a Planned Contrast Test Analysis.
11.12 Extension: Orthogonal Contrasts.
11.13 Further Reading.
Problems.
12. Unplanned Contrasts.
12.1 Unplanned Comparisons.
12.2 Examination of Weight Loss Conditioned on Diet.
12.3 Omnibus Test.
12.4 Group Comparisons After the Omnibus Test.
12.5 Ensemble-Adjusted p-values.
12.6 Strengths and Limitations of the Four Approaches.
12.7 Summarizing the Results of Unplanned Contrast Tests for Publication.
12.8 Extension: Plots of the Unplanned Contrasts.
12.9 Further Reading.
Problems.
References.
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