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基本説明
Designed to cover the standard topics in a basic fluid mechanics course in a streamlined manner that meets the learning needs of today's student better than the dense, encyclopedic manner of traditional texts. More than 200 new illustrations graphs.
Full Description
A Brief Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition is designed to cover the standard topics in a basic fluid mechanics course in a streamlined manner that meets the learning needs of today's student better than the dense, encyclopedic manner of traditional texts. This approach helps students connect the math and theory to the physical world and practical applications and apply these connections to solving problems. The text lucidly presents basic analysis techniques and addresses practical concerns and applications, such as pipe flow, open-channel flow, flow measurement, and drag and lift. It offers a strong visual approach with photos, illustrations, and videos included in the text, examples and homework problems to emphasize the practical application of fluid mechanics principles.
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 31.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units 31.2.1 Systems of Units 61.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 91.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 91.4.1 Density 91.4.2 Specific Weight 101.4.3 Specific Gravity 101.5 Ideal Gas Law 111.6 Viscosity 121.7 Compressibility of Fluids 171.7.1 Bulk Modulus 171.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 181.7.3 Speed of Sound 191.8 Vapor Pressure 211.9 Surface Tension 211.10 A Brief Look Back in History 241.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 27Review Problems 28Problems 282 FLUID STATICS 322.1 Pressure at a Point 332.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 342.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 362.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 362.3.2 Compressible Fluid 382.4 Standard Atmosphere 392.5 Measurement of Pressure 392.6 Manometry 422.6.1 Piezometer Tube 422.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 432.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 462.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices 472.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 472.9 Pressure Prism 522.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 542.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 572.11.1 Archimedes? Principle 572.11.2 Stability 592.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion 602.13 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 60References 61Review Problems 62Problems 623 ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS?THE BERNOULLI EQUATION683.1 Newton?s Second Law 693.2 F _ ma Along a Streamline 703.3 F _ ma Normal to a Streamline 743.4 Physical Interpretation 753.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure 783.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation 813.6.1 Free Jets 813.6.2 Confined Flows 823.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 893.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line 923.8 Restrictions on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation 943.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 95Review Problems 96Problems 974 FLUID KINEMATICS 1024.1 The Velocity Field 1034.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 1054.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 1054.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 1064.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 1074.2 The Acceleration Field 1104.2.1 The Material Derivative 1104.2.2 Unsteady Effects 1124.2.3 Convective Effects 1134.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 1144.3 Control Volume and System Representations 1154.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 1164.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 1164.4.2 Selection of a Control Volume 1204.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 120References 121Review Problems 121Problems 1215 FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS 1255.1 Conservation of Mass?The Continuity Equation 1265.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 1265.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 1275.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 1315.2 Newton?s Second Law?The Linear Momentum andMoment-of-Momentum Equations 1335.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 1335.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 1345.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 1445.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 1455.3 First Law of Thermodynamics?The Energy Equation1525.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 1525.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 1545.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the BernoulliEquation 1575.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows1625.4 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 164Review Problems 166Problems 1666.1 Fluid Element Kinematics 1766.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 1766.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 1776.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation 1796.2 Conservation of Mass 1826.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 1826.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 1846.2.3 The Stream Function 1856.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 1886.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on Differential Element1896.3.2 Equations of Motion 1916.4 Inviscid Flow 1926.4.1 Euler?s Equations of Motion 1926.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 1936.4.3 Irrotational Flow 1956.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 1966.4.5 The Velocity Potential 1966.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 1996.5.1 Uniform Flow 2016.5.2 Source and Sink 2016.5.3 Vortex 2036.5.4 Doublet 2076.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows 2096.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream?Half-Body 2096.6.2 Flow around a Circular Cylinder 2126.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis 2196.8 Viscous Flow 2196.8.1 Stress?Deformation Relationships 2196.8.2 The Navier?Stokes Equations 2206.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, IncompressibleFluids 2216.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates 2226.9.2 Couette Flow 2246.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 2276.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis 2296.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 230References 232Review Problems 232Problems 2327 SIMILITUDE, DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, AND MODELING 2387.1 Dimensional Analysis 2397.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 2407.3 Determination of Pi Terms 2417.4 Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis 2467.4.1 Selection of Variables 2477.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 2477.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 2477.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 2487.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 2497.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 2507.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 2517.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms 2527.8 Modeling and Similitude 2547.8.1 Theory of Models 2547.8.2 Model Scales 2587.8.3 Distorted Models 2597.9 Some Typical Model Studies 2607.9.1 Flow through Closed Conduits 2607.9.2 Flow around Immersed Bodies 2627.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 2647.10 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 267References 268Review Problems 269Problems 2698.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 2758.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 2758.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 2778.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 2788.2.1 From F _ ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 2788.2.2 From the Navier?Stokes Equations 2828.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 2828.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 2838.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 2848.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 2858.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow 2858.4.1 Major Losses 2868.4.2 Minor Losses 2908.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 2988.5 Pipe Flow Examples 2998.5.1 Single Pipes 3008.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 3078.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement 3098.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 313References 314Review Problems 315Problems 3159 FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES 3219.1 General External Flow Characteristics 3229.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 3229.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object 3259.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 3289.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate3289.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 3309.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate3329.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 3349.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 3369.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 3389.3 Drag 3419.3.1 Friction Drag 3429.3.2 Pressure Drag 3429.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples 3439.4 Lift 3579.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 3579.4.2 Circulation 3619.5 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 363References 364Review Problems 364Problems 36410 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 37010.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow 37010.2 Surface Waves 37110.2.1 Wave Speed 37210.2.2 Froude Number Effects 37410.3 Energy Considerations 37410.3.1 Specific Energy 37510.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow 37810.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 37810.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 37810.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples 38110.5 Gradually Varied Flow 38510.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 38610.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 38610.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 39010.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 39310.6.4 Underflow Gates 39510.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 397References 398Review Problems 398Problems 39811 TURBOMACHINES 40311.1 Introduction 40411.2 Basic Energy Considerations 40411.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations 40811.4 The Centrifugal Pump 41011.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 41011.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 41411.4.3 System Characteristics and Pump Selection 41611.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws 41911.5.1 Specific Speed 42211.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 42311.7 Turbines 42611.7.1 Impulse Turbines 42711.7.2 Reaction Turbines 43311.8 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 43611.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 437References 438Review Problems 439Problems 439ANSWERS ANS-1INDEX I-1PHENOMENA VIDEOS VI-1
