Full Description
BACE inhibitors and their use in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
BACE (β-site of APP cleaving enzyme) is a critical component in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and the development of BACE inhibitors shows great potential as a therapy for the disease. BACE: Lead Target for Orchestrated Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease covers virtually all aspects of BACE from initial identification, discovery of inhibitors, and challenges in clinical development, while providing a global understanding essential for productive and successful drug discovery.
This book details the story of the discovery of BACE and its role in AD and comprehensively discusses:
The development of BACE inhibitors as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease
The research that led to the identification of BACE
New BACE inhibitors currently being clinically tested
ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and clinical trial design—topics not addressed in current field literature
Cutting-edge technology such as high-throughput screening, structure-based drug design, and QSAR in context of BACE inhibitors and Alzheimer's drug discovery
Other approaches to BACE inhibition based on interaction with the precursor protein APP
By enhancing the reader's understanding of the various aspects of the BACE drug-discovery process, this much-needed reference will serve as a key resource for all scientists involved in Alzheimer's research—and inspire new approaches to treatment of AD.
Contents
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 1 BACE, APP PROCESSING, AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Dale E. Bredesen and Edward H. Koo
1.1 Introduction
1.2 BACE Cleavage of APP as a Molecular Switching Mechanism
1.3 AD: An Imbalance in Cellular Dependence?
1.4 BACE Cleavage, Caspase Cleavage, and Neuronal Trophic Dependence
1.5 BACE Cleavage of APP, Dependence Receptors, and Alzheimer Pathology
1.6 Key Mutations Proximal of APP Processing to Aβ
1.7 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 2 IDENTIFICATION OF BACE AS A TARGET IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Robert L. Heinrikson and Sukanto Sinha
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Search for β-Secretase
2.3 Validation of the BACE Target
2.4 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 3 BACE BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS
Alfredo G. Tomasselli and Michael J. Bienkowski
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Clinical and Physiological Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
3.3 APP Processing
3.4 Aspartyl Protease Classification
3.5 BACE Structure
3.6 Mechanism, Kinetics, Inhibition, and Specificity
3.7 Assay Strategies for Inhibitor Finding and Development
3.8 Common Assays Used to Identify and Study Inhibitors
3.9 BACE Assays
3.10 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 4 PEPTIDIC, PEPTIDOMIMETIC, AND HTS-DERIVED BACE INHIBITORS
James P. Beck and Dustin J. Mergott
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Elan/Pharmacia (Pfizer)
4.3 Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF)/Multiple Collaborators
4.4 Eli Lilly
4.5 Merck
4.6 GlaxoSmithKline
4.7 Schering Plough
4.8 Bristol-Myers Squibb
4.9 Novartis
4.10 Amgen
4.11 Wyeth
4.12 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 5 FRAGMENT-BASED APPROACHES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BACE INHIBITORS
Andreas Kuglstatter and Michael Hennig
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biophysical Methods Applied to BACE Fragment Screens
5.3 BACE Inhibitors Identified by Fragment Screening
5.4 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURE-BASED DESIGN OF BACE INHIBITORS: TECHNICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PREPARATION, 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE, AND COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS
Felix F. Vajdos, Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram, and Alfredo G. Tomasselli
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Preparation of BACE for Structural Studies
6.3 Crystallographic Studies of BACE
6.4 Structural Studies with BACE Inhibitors: Peptidomimetics and Nonpeptidomimetics
6.5 Computational Approaches
6.6 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 7 PHARMACOLOGICAL MODELS FOR PRECLINICAL TESTING: FROM MOUSE TO DOG TO NONHUMAN PRIMATES
Jason L. Eriksen, Michael Paul Murphy, and Elizabeth Head
7.1 Introduction
7.2 BACE1 and Mouse Models of AD
7.3 Testing BACE Inhibitors in the Canine Model of Human Aging and AD
7.4 BACE Inhibitors and Nonhuman Primates
7.5 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 8 ADSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, EXCRETION (ADME), EFFICACY, AND TOXICOLOGY FOR BACE INHIBITORS
Ishrut Hussain and Emmanuel Demont
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Development of BACE Inhibitors with Optimized ADME Properties
8.3 In Vivo Efficacy of BACE Inhibitors
8.4 Toxicology of BACE Inhibitors
8.5 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 9 CLINICAL TRIALS FOR DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS SUCH AS BACE INHIBITORS
Henry H. Hsu
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Update on Beta-Amyloid Therapies in Clinical Development
9.3 Clinical Development of BACE Inhibitors and Other Disease-Modifying Drugs
9.4 Final Remarks
CHAPTER 10 FUTURE STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BACE INHIBITORS: ANTI-APP β-SITE ANTIBODY AND APP BINDING SMALL MOLECULE APPROACHES FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Beka Solomon, Michal Arbel-Ornath, Clare Peters-Libeu, and Varghese John
10.1 Introduction
10.2 β-Secretase: Discovery, Function, and Inhibitors
10.3 Generation of Aβ Peptides via the Endocytic Pathway
10.4 Generation of Anti-APP β-Site Antibodies
10.5 Antibody Interference with Aβ Production in Cellular Model
10.6 Antibody Interference with Aβ Production in Animal Models
10.7 Identification of APP Binding Small Molecules that Block β-Site Cleavage of APP
10.8 Final Remarks
AFTERWORD
Ruth Abraham)
Introduction
Artwork as a Measure of the Progression of AD
INDEX
