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基本説明
Examines how psychological states influence physical health in a variety of ways including how psychological factors influence engaging in health-promoting behaviours, developing illness and managing illness.
Full Description
The 2nd Edition of Catherine Sanderson's Health Psychology targets the mainstream health psychology market and offers a broad appeal through its narrative that is both challenging for psychology majors and accessible to non-majors. This book provides current and relevant information while providing a foundation in scientific research and critical and analytical thinking. The book emphasizes practical and real-world issues. Additionally, this text includes a focus on current ethical issues in health; expanded coverage of international health; increased emphasis on critical thinking and analysis; coverage of specific topics such as complementary and alternative medicine, accidents as a cause of death, and the role of ethnicity and gender in influencing health behavior; an emphasis on practical information; and updated coverage of all material which is particularly important in the field of health psychology given the dramatic advances in knowledge about the factors that influence physical well-being during the last five years.
Contents
Preface v CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1What Is Health Psychology? 2Health Psychology in the Real World: Ban Smoking in Public Housing 8Focus on Research: Can Writing About Feelings Help People Cope With Cancer? 10What Factors Led to the Development of Health Psychology? 10The Nature of Illnesses Has Changed 10Focus on Development: The Importance of Immunizations 13The Biomedical Model Is Unable to Fully Account for Health 13Health-Care Costs Have Risen Dramatically 16What Is the History of Health Psychology? 18Focus on Culture: Health Means Different Things in Different Cultures 21What Lies Ahead 21CHAPTER 2 Research Methods 24What Is the Scientific Method? 26What Are Observational or Naturalistic Methods? 28What Are Survey Methods? 32What Are Experimental Methods? 35Focus on Research: The Impact of Divorce on Life Expectancy 38Focus on Development: The Link Between Breast-Feeding and Infant Illness 39What Are Clinical Methods? 41Psychology in the Real World: The Ethical Challenges of Conducting Research on Cancer Treatment 42How Can We Evaluate Research Studies? 43Internal Validity 43Focus on Research: The Power of Mind-Set on Health 45External Validity 47What Is the Best Research Approach? 49How Do Research Ethics Influence Scientific Studies? 51Ethical Issues Relevant to Experimentation on Animals 54CHAPTER 3 Theories of Health Behavior 58What Are Continuum Theories of Health Behavior? 60Health Belief Model 60Focus on Research: Using "Friendship Bracelets" to Increase Condom Use 63Theories of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior 64Focus on Culture: The Role of Individual and Social Factors on Health 65Learning Theories 67Focus on Development: Using Operant Conditioning to Improve Children's Eating and Exercise Behavior 70Focus on Research: Can Watching Television Cause Teenage Pregnancy? 71Health Psychology in the Real World: Hollywood's Responsibility for Smoking Deaths 72Social Cognitive Theory 74What Are Stage Models of Health Behavior Change? 78Transtheoretical or Stages of Change Model 78Precaution Adoption Process Model 83How Should These Models Be Integrated and Extended? 86CHAPTER 4 Stress 91What Are the Main Sources of Stress? 93How Is Stress Measured? 95Self-Report Inventories 95Focus on Research: Does Stress Cause Breast Cancer? 98Physiological Measures 100How Does Stress Influence Health? 102Cannon's Fight-or-Flight Response 102General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 103Updates to the Fight-or-Flight and GAS Models 105What Are the Physical Consequences of Stress? 108Nervous System 109Endocrine System 110Cardiovascular System 111Focus on Development: Why the Early Years Really Matter 112Immune System 115Psychoneuroimmunology 118Indirect Effects of Stress on Health 118What Are the Psychological Consequences of Stress? 120What Are Some Strategies for Managing Stress? 122Coping Styles 122Focus on Research: The Influence of Problem-Focused Coping on Health 125Focus on Culture: Writing About Problems Helps Some People But Not All 130Relaxation and Mindfulness 131Humor 133Exercise 134Social Support 134Religion 134CHAPTER 5 Managing Stress: The Role of Personality and Social Support 142What Personality Factors Are Associated With Good Health? 144Positive States 145Focus on Research: Why Positive People Are Less Likely to Get a Cold 145Optimism 146Conscientiousness 149Focus on Development: The Powerful Influence of Childhood Personality on Adult Health-Related Behavior 150Internal Locus of Control/Hardiness 150What Personality Factors Lead to Unhealthy Behavior? 152Neuroticism/Negative Affect 152Type A Behavior 153Hostility/Disagreeableness 155Explaining the Link Between Personality and Health 156Stress 156Physiological Mechanisms 158Coping Strategies 159Social Support 160Health Habits 160Self-Report 162What Is Social Support? 163Social Network 164Perceived Social Support 165Received Social Support 168Focus on Culture: The Differential Presence and Benefits of Particular Types of Support 168What Is the Link Between Social Support and Health? 169Psychological Well-Being 169Physical Well-Being 170Focus on Research-The Effects of Social Support on Recovery from Surgery 171How Does Social Support Lead to Better Health? 173Cardiovascular System 174Immune System 175Neuroendocrine System 177When Does Social Support Lead to Better Health? 177Buffering Hypothesis 177Direct Effects Hypothesis 180Does Social Support Benefit Men and Women Equally? 182What Factors Lead to the Social Support-Health Link? 183CHAPTER 6 Injuries 188What Is Injury? 189Sanderson ftoc.tex V1 - 11/10/2011 1:02 P.M. Page xiiiContents xiiiHow Does the Risk of Injury Vary Across the Life span? 190Childhood 192Focus on Culture: The Impact of Culture on Risk for Childhood Injuries 193Adolescence and Young Adulthood 193Adulthood 195What Are the Leading Causes of Injuries? 195Motor Vehicle Accidents 195Poisoning 196Suicide 197Focus on Research: The Hazards of Owning a Firearm 199Falls 199Homicide 200Focus on Research: Does Harry Potter Prevent Injuries in Children? 201Focus on Development: The Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect 201What Are the Strategies for Preventing Injuries? 202Active Strategies 203Health Psychology in the Real World: The Very Real Tragedy of Drunk Driving 205Passive Strategies 207Societal Changes 207CHAPTER 7 Smoking and Alcohol Abuse 212What Is the Prevalence of Smoking? 214What Are the Health Consequences of Smoking? 214Focus on Development: The Impact of Passive Smoking on Children 217How Do Psychological Factors Lead to the Initiation of Smoking? 218Focus on Research: The Hazards of Smoking in Movies 220What Factors Lead to Continued Smoking? 221Nicotine-Based Models 221Affect-Regulation Model 222Combined Models 224What Are Some Strategies for Preventing Smoking? 225What Are Some Strategies for Quitting Smoking? 229What Is the Prevalence of Alcohol Use and Abuse? 234Focus on Culture: The Impact of Culture on Alcohol Regulations, Consumption, and Consequences 235What Are the Health Consequences of Alcohol Abuse? 235Focus on Research: Why Drinking Alcohol Interferes With Condom Use 238How Do Psychological Factors Lead to Alcohol Abuse? 239Tension-Reduction Theory 239Social Learning Theory 240Personality 242Biological/Genetic Factors 243What Are Some Strategies for Preventing Alcohol Abuse? 244What Are Some Strategies for Treating Alcohol Abuse? 246Health Psychology in the Real World: The Very Real Consequences of Addiction 247CHAPTER 8 Obesity and Eating Disorders 255What Is Obesity? 257What Are the Consequences of Obesity? 260How Do Genetic Factors Cause Obesity? 262How Do Psychological Factors Influence Eating (and Overeating)? 265Internal-External Hypothesis 265Mood Regulation 267Restraint Theory 269Sociocultural Factors 270Focus on Research: Is Obesity Contagious? 271Focus on Development: The Long-Lasting Impact of Prenatal Tasting 272What Factors Help Prevent Obesity? 272How Is Obesity Treated? 275What Are Eating Disorders? 279How Do Biological Factors Contribute to Eating Disorders? 282How Do Psychological Factors Contribute to Eating Disorders? 282Sociocultural Norms 283Focus on Culture: Is the Thin Ideal Universal? 284Family Dynamics 286Personality 288What Approaches Help Prevent Eating Disorders? 288Focus on Research: The Benefits of Critiquing the Thin Ideal 291What Approaches Help Treat Eating Disorders? 291Health Psychology in the Real World: The Struggle to Recover From anEating Disorder 292CHAPTER 9 The Experience and Management of Pain 298Why Do We Care About Pain? 300What Is Pain? 301How Do We Experience Pain? 302How Is Pain Measured? 307Self-Report Measures 307Behavioral Measures 309Physiological Measures 310How Do Psychosocial Factors Influence the Experience of Pain? 310Stress 310Learning 312Focus on Culture: The Influence of Culture on the Experience and Expression of Pain 313Cognition 314Mood State 317What Are Some Physical Methods of Controlling Pain? 318Medication 319Surgery 320Physical Therapy/Exercise 320Physical Stimulation 321What Are Some Psychological Methods of Controlling Pain? 323Focus on Research: Does Acupuncture Really Work to Reduce Pain? 324Hypnosis 324Biofeedback 326Relaxation and Distraction 327Focus on Research: Can Looking at Pictures of Loved Ones Reduce Pain? 328Focus on Development: The Impact of Watching Movies on Pain Relief in Children 329Cognitive Approaches 330Behavior Therapy 334Conclusions 336Can Placebos Decrease Pain? 336Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Placebos 336Physiological Mechanisms That Explain the Influence of Placebos 338CHAPTER 10 Chronic Illness 344What Are Chronic Diseases? 346Focus on Culture: The Prevalence of Chronic Diseases Worldwide 347What Are the Consequences of Having Chronic Illnesses? 348Physical Problems 348Social Problems 350Focus on Development: How Do Children Cope With Having a Chronic Disease? 351A Humorous Example of the Impact of Chronic Disease on Marital Relationships 353Psychological Problems 354Health Psychology in the Real World: The Shock of a Cancer Diagnosis 355Reflection About the Benefits of Cancer By Lance Armstrong 360What Factors Influence How People Manage Having a Chronic Illness? 361Illness Intrusiveness 361Type of Coping Used 362Level of Social Support 364How Can Psychological Interventions Help People Cope with Chronic Illness? 366Education 366Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 367Social Support Groups 369What Is Coronary Heart Disease? 371How Do Psychological Factors Influence Coronary Heart Disease? 372Focus on Research: Is Living in New York City Hazardous to Your Health? 375How Can Psychological Interventions Help Reduce the Risk of Recurring Heart Attacks? 378What Is Cancer? 380How Do Psychosocial Factors Influence the Development of Cancer? 382What Factors Predict Effective Coping with Cancer? 386What Is HIV/AIDS? 387How Do Psychological Factors Predict the Acquisition of HIV? 389Focus on Research: The Hazards of Seeing HIV as Not Very Prevalent 390How Do Psychological Factors Predict the Progression of HIV? 393CHAPTER 11 Terminal Illness and Bereavement 399When and How Do People Die? 401How Do People Cope with Dying? 404Stages of Death and Dying 405Task-Work Approach 406Stages of Death and Dying in Children 407The Ethics of Assisted Suicide 408Where Do People Die? 411Hospitals 412Nursing Homes/Long-Term Care Facilities 414Home 414Hospice Care 415Focus on Research: The Impact of Hospice Care on the End-of-Life Experience 417What are the Consequences of Bereavement? 419Focus on Research: Why and When the Death of a Spouse Impacts Mortality 421What Factors Influence the Experience of Bereavement? 422Stages of Mourning 422Influences on Grief 423Coping with Bereavement 424Focus on Culture: The Impact of Grief Processing Varies as a Function of Culture 427Health Psychology in the Real World: What You Should-and Should Not-Say to Someone Who Is in Mourning 429How Do People React to Different Types of Deaths? 432Death of a Spouse 432Death of a Parent 433Death of a Child 434Death of a Sibling 435How Do Children Understand Death? 436CHAPTER 12 Health-Care Interaction: Screening, Utilization, Adherence, and Relapse 441What Is Screening? 443The Predictors of Screening 445The Costs and Benefits of Screening 446Health Psychology in the Real World: The Struggle to Decide Whether to Test or Not to Test 447Focus on Research: The Shifting Reaction to Testing Positive for Huntington's Disease 451Strategies for Increasing Screening 453How Do Psychological Factors Influence Health-Care Utilization, Interaction, Hospitalization, and Burnout? 455Health-Care Utilization 456Patient-Practitioner Communication 463Focus on Research: Differing Perspectives Between Patients and Physicians on Information Given 465Focus on Culture: Attitudes Toward the Doctor-Patient Relationship Vary by Culture 467The Experience of Hospitalization 469Focus on Development: The Difficulties of Hospitalization on Children 470The Experience of Burnout 474What Predicts Adherence? 475Causes of Nonadherence 476Measuring Adherence 481Strategies for Increasing Adherence 482What Is Relapse? 485Theories of Addiction 486Triggers of Relapse 487Strategies for Preventing Relapse 488CHAPTER 13 Designing Persuasive Interventions 496Are Emotional Appeals Effective? 498The Use of Emotional Appeals 499The Drawbacks of Fear-Based Appeals 500Focus on Development: The Hazards of Fear-Based Approaches to Pregnancy Prevention 502Making Fear-Based Appeals Work 503Focus on Research: The Benefits of Self-Affirmation for Reducing Smoking 507How Effective Are Interventions Based in Psychological Theories? 508Prospect Theory 508Cognitive Dissonance Theory 511Attribution Theory 513Learning Theories 514Focus on Culture: The Role of a Radio Program in Reducing HIV Infection 517Social Cognitive Theory 517Theory of Planned Behavior 518Focus on Research: The Power of Social Norms in Increasing Condom Use 519Are Personally Relevant Messages the Most Effective? 519Screening 520Managing Pain and Chronic Disease 522Smoking Cessation 524Alcohol Use 526Eating and Eating Disordered Behavior 527Condom Use 529What Questions Remain? 530CHAPTER 14 Future Directions for Health Psychology 534What Are the Contributions of Health Psychology? 536What Are the Hot Topics in Health Psychology? 537Preventing Health Problems 537Making Ethical Medical Decisions 540Focus on Research: Strategies for Increasing Organ Donation 543Enhancing the Quality of Life 544Health Psychology in the Real World: A Unique Approach to Conveying End-of-Life Preferences 546Reducing Health-Care Costs 548Focus on Culture: How Do Other Countries Handle Health Care? 548What Are the Challenges for Health Psychology in the Future? 554Decreasing Racial-Ethnic Differences in Health 554Focus on Development: The Long-Term Hazards of Childhood Poverty 557Focusing on the Predictors of Women's Health 559Focus on Research: Understanding the Decision to Vaccinate for HPV 560Broadening the Focus to Other Cultures 561What Can You Do With a Degree in Health Psychology? 565What Is the "Take Home" Point? 566GLOSSARY 571REFERENCES 581AUTHOR INDEX 645SUBJECT INDEX 000
