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Full Description
River Confluences and the Fluvial Network brings together state of the art thinking on confluence dynamics tributary impacts and the links between processes at these scales and river network functions. The book is unique in focus, content, scope and in bringing together engineering, ecological and geomorphological approaches to the three key areas of river system science.
Taking a global approach this multi-authored text features a team of carefully selected, internationally renowned, experts who have all contributed significantly to recent ground breaking advancements in the field. Each chapter includes a comprehensive review of work to date highlighting recent discoveries and the main thrust of knowledge, previously unpublished research and case studies, challenges and questions, detailed references as well as a forward looking assessment of the state of the science.
Contents
Preface xi
List of contributors xiii
1 Introduction: river confluences, tributaries and the fluvial network 1
Stephen P. Rice, Bruce L. Rhoads and André G. Roy
Introduction 1
Key aims of the book 4
Sections of the book 4
I RIVER CHANNEL CONFLUENCES 11
2 Introduction to Part I: river channel confluences 13
André G. Roy
Introduction 13
Individual chapters 15
3 Modelling hydraulics and sediment transport at river confluences 17
Pascale M. Biron and Stuart N. Lane
Introduction 17
Hydraulics 18
Bedload, suspended and solute transport 29
Conclusion 37
4 Sediment transport, bed morphology and the sedimentology of river channel confluences 45
James L. Best and Bruce L. Rhoads
Context 45
Bed morphology 46
Sediment transport 56
Sedimentology 60
Conclusions 66
5 Large river channel confluences 73
Daniel R. Parsons, James L. Best, Stuart N. Lane, Ray A. Kostachuk, Richard J. Hardy, Oscar Orfeo, Mario L. Amsler and Ricardo N. Szupiany
Introduction 73
Bed morphology 75
Flow structure at large river channel confluences 80
Flow mixing at large river confluences 85
Conclusions 87
6 Management of confluences 93
Robert Ettema
Introduction 93
Unruly confluences 95
Management approaches 103
Managing confluences for sediment transport 104
Managing confluences for ice passage 111
Summary 116
7 Unconfined confluences in braided rivers 119
Peter Ashmore and J. Tobi Gardner
Introduction 119
General characteristics and significance of confluences in braided channels 121
Confluence scour depth 125
Confluence kinetics and bar formation 128
Confluence spacing and the length-scale of braided morphology 130
Sediment transport and sediment budgets 132
Sediment sorting and alluvial deposits 135
Prospect 139
II TRIBUTARY--MAIN-STEM INTERACTIONS 149
8 Introduction to Part II: tributary--main-stem interactions 151
Stephen P. Rice
Introduction 151
Individual chapters 153
9 Spatial identification of tributary impacts in river networks 159
Christian E. Torgersen, Robert E. Gresswell, Douglas S. Bateman and Kelly M. Burnett
Introduction 159
Data and measurement 160
Analytical tools 167
Future developments and challenges 175
10 Effects of tributaries on main-channel geomorphology 183
Rob Ferguson and Trevor Hoey
Introduction 183
Conceptual considerations 185
Empirical evidence 187
Theoretical models: (1) Regime analysis of confluences 191
Theoretical models: (2) Numerical experiments with adjustable grain-size
distributions 198
Discussion 201
11 The ecological importance of tributaries and confluences 209
Stephen P. Rice, Peter Kiffney, Correigh Greene and George R. Pess
Introduction 209
Tributaries, confluences and river ecology 210
Tributaries, ecosystem functions and river management 215
Constraints on understanding and progress 217
A case study 218
Conclusion 235
12 Tributaries and the management of main-stem geomorphology 243
Frédéric Liébault, Hervé Píegay, Philippe Frey and Norbert Landon
Introduction 243
Conceptual framework for assessing the geomorphological impact of tributaries 245
Managing the geomorphological impact of tributaries 251
Conclusion 266
13 Confluence environments at the scale of river networks 271
Lee Benda
Introduction 271
River network structure and confluence environments 272
Symmetry ratios and confluence environments 273
Basin shape, network patterns and confluence environments 280
Local network geometry 284
Drainage and confluence density 284
River network scaling properties of confluence environments 285
The law of stream sizes and the spatial scale of morphological diversity related to confluences 289
Longitudinal extent and size of confluence environments 290
Stochastic watershed processes 291
The role of hierarchical branching networks 292
Discussion 295
River networks, resource management and river restoration 296
III CHANNEL NETWORKS 301
14 Introduction to Part III: channel networks 303
Bruce L. Rhoads
Introduction 303
Individual chapters 304
15 Hydrologic dispersion in fluvial networks 307
Patricia M. Saco and Praveen Kumar
Hydrologic dispersion effects on runoff response 307
Runoff response as travel-time distributions: the GIUH 309
Geomorphologic dispersion in stream networks 314
Non-linear effects and the use of hydraulic geometry relations 316
Kinematic dispersion in stream networks 318
The effect of scale and rainfall intensity on the dispersive mechanisms 320
Hillslope Dispersive effects 324
Kinematic dispersion effects using the meta-channel approach 329
Summary and future research directions 331
16 Sediment delivery: new approaches to modelling an old problem 337
Hua Lu and Keith Richards
Introduction 337
The concept of sediment delivery 340
Difficulties in measuring and estimating sediment yield and SDR 341
Links between hydrology and sediment production and yield 347
Physical inferences of sediment delivery based on a simple lumped model 352
Practical large-scale application using a distributed model 358
Conclusions 361
17 Numerical predictions of the sensitivity of grain size and channel slope to an increase in precipitation 367
Nicole M. Gasparini, Rafael L. Bras and Gregory E. Tucker
Introduction 367
Landscape-evolution models 370
Example simulation of network evolution 376
Discussion 386
Conclusions 388
18 Solute transport along stream and river networks 395
Michael N. Gooseff, Kenneth E. Bencala and Steven M. Wondzell
Introduction 395
Review of current knowledge 396
Linking transport processes with the fluvial geomorphic template 404
Forward-looking perspective 410
19 Fluvial valley networks on Mars 419
Rossman P. Irwin III, Alan D. Howard and Robert A. Craddock
Introduction 419
Early observations 421
Distribution, age, origin and morphology of valley networks 422
Morphometry 432
Alluvial deposits 436
Hydrology 438
Summary 442
Acknowledgements 442
References 442
Subject Index 453
Place Index 457
