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Full Description
The history of mining is replete with controversy, much of it relating to environmental damage and consequent community outrage. Over recent decades there has been increasing pressure to improve the environmental and social performance of mining operations, particularly in developing countries. The industry has responded by embracing the ideals of corporate social responsibility. This book identifies and discusses the wide range of social and environmental issues pertaining to mining, with particular reference to mining in developing countries from where many of the project examples and case studies have been selected. Following an introductory overview of the issues of concern, the book illustrates how environmental impact assessment as defined in "The Equator Principles", integrates with the mining lifecycle, and how environmental assessment aims to eliminate the negative and to accentuate the positive mining impacts. The text illustrates the wide range of environmental and social concerns and opportunities. Practical approaches are provided to manage issues ranging from land acquisition and resettlement or indigenous peoples issues, through the technical aspects of acid rock drainage and mine waste management, to a thorough analysis of ways and means of sharing mining benefits with host communities so that these benefits are not transitory, allowing mining to become a sustainable economic activity. The wide coverage of issues raised illustrated by many real-life case studies, makes this practice-oriented book a reference and key reading for operators in the field, as well as for environmental consultants, regulators, and students. This book will also be of interest to environmental personnel in the oil & gas industry as much of the subject matter applies to the extractive industries as a whole.
Contents
1. MINERALS, WEALTH AND PROGRESSHistory of Mining The Path of Minerals from Cradle to Grave Minerals - A Natural Resource Blessing? What Makes the Mining Industry Different? The Unique Risk Profile of MiningMeeting Environmental Issues Head On Environmental Assessment Practice - Eliminate the Negative, Accentuate the Positive The Equator Principles - Improved Practices for Better OutcomesCaring for Future Generations 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTProtection before ExplorationMining Companies are not GovernmentsEnvironmental Assessment in the Mining CycleManaging the Environmental Impact Assessment ProcessCommon Themes and Core PrinciplesWhen is an EIA Required?Environmental Impact Assessment Step-by-StepDocumenting the FindingsObtaining EIA ApprovalThe Costs of DelayEnvironmental Management and Monitoring is ImportantPlanning for Mine ClosureWhat Environmental Impact Assessment is Not3. INVOLVING THE PUBLIC Forging Partnerships and Trust Historical PerspectivePlanning Stakeholder InvolvementGetting To Know Your StakeholdersHow to Identify Stakeholders?Engaging StakeholdersConflict Identification and ManagementUnderstanding the Benefits and Risks of Public InvolvementWho Guards the Guardians?Common Mistakes4. THE ANATOMY OF A MINE It All Begins in the Earth Exploration - From Reviewing Data to Taking Bulk SamplesFeasibility - Is it Worth Mining? Engineering, Procurement, and ConstructionMiningMine Waste DisposalAncillary Facilities Design for Mine Closure Artisanal Mining - Mining Outside of Established Laws5. MINING METHODS VARY WIDELYMining MethodsFerrous metals and ferroalloysNon-ferrous oresIndustrial MineralsMineral (Fossil) FuelsGemstonesBeneficiation - Using Basic PhysicsPyro metallurgy - The Use of FireHydrometallurgical Mineral Processing - Essentially Chemical ProcessingRefining7. OUR ENVIRONMENTA Set of Natural and Human FeaturesThe Atmosphere - Air, Weather, and ClimateThe Lithosphere - Geology, Land Form, and Earth ResourcesThe Hydrosphere - Storage and Movement of WaterThe Biosphere - Life on EarthThe Social Sphere - Social and Cultural Fabric of SocietyThe Economic Sphere - Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Goods and Services Judging State and Value of the Environment What are Nature's Economic Values?International Laws Pertaining to Natural and Environmental Resources 8. THE BASELINEUnderstanding the Host Environment The Importance of Conflict IdentificationThe Use of Indicators Environmental Scoping Conducting Baseline Surveys -Ways and Means Converting Data to Information The Use of Remote Sensing Techniques and Geographic Information Systems9. IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING IMPACTSWorking within LimitationsDeciding on a Direction Deciding on the Methodologies Linking Cause and Effect Identifying Project Impacts Evaluating Environmental Change Cultural HeritageThe Special Nature of Community Impacts Do People Count? - The Concept of Environmental Justice Group Decision-Making in Environmental Assessment Reflecting on the Objective Nature of Environmental Assessment Dealing with Uncertainties and Risks 10. EMPHASIZING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORINGManaging what MattersMeasure to ManageEnvironmental Management Systems Commitment, Funds and Resources11. METALS, THEIR BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND HARMFUL IMPACTSPersistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of MetalsSelected Metals12. Was The Environmental Assessment Adequate? Reviewing an Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Mine Auditing Thinking Outside of the BoxResponding to Unforeseen Occurrences Physical Impacts from Mine Structures and Waste Management Units Mine wastesMine Site Effluent StreamsBiodiversity and HabitatsSocial ChangeMining and Climate ChangeSurface Mining versus Underground MiningAccidental Impacts14. LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENTWhen Property and Development Rights Collide Some Useful Definitions Compensation- A Right, Not a Need Resettlement Priorities Accounting Resettlement Losses The Social Risks of Resettlement What Determines the Severity of Resettlement Losses? Estimating the Significance of Resettlement Managing Resettlement Common Issues around Resettlement 15. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTEnsuring Long term BenefitsWhat Defines a Community? Pointers to Success Community Development Process Preparing for Mine Closure Community Programs - What to Do? Local Benefits Do Not Always FollowCommon Problems and Solutions 16. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ISSUES Some Basic ConsiderationsIssues and Opportunities Strategies for Interaction with Indigenous CommunitiesPreserving or Restoring Autonomy Sharing BenefitsMonitoring Effectiveness of Programs 17. ACID ROCK DRAINAGEThe Unseen LegacyNature and Significance of Acid Rock Drainage Effects of Acid Rock DrainageEvaluating the Occurrence or Risk of ARD Assessing Potential for ARD ARD Controls18. TAILINGS DISPOSAL CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES Deciding on the Tailings Disposal Scheme Alternative Approaches to Tailings DisposalSurface Tailings Storage Submarine Tailings Placement Nature and Characteristics of Waste RockDesign of Waste Rock DisposalPotential Impacts of Waste Rock Disposal Monitoring 20. EROSION - The Perpetual Disruptive Force of Water and Wind The Disruptive Force of WaterFive Contributing Factors Managing Water Erosion Fugitive Emissions by Wind 21. MINE CLOSURE - It is not over when it is over Principle GuidanceFinancing Mine ClosureObjectivesSoil Preparation Establishment of Vegetation Progressive Rehabilitation versus Post-Closure Rehabilitation Acceptance Criteria and Sustainability 22. EXISTING TRENDSExisting Trends in the Mining SectorMining Company, Financial Institutions, Government, and Public (NGO) - All Have to ContributeStrength and Weaknesses of Mining Companies - Size MattersMining in the Last FrontiersSolutions Can Be Developed for Each Challenge
