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Since the early 20th century, economics has been the dominant discourse in English-speaking countries, displacing Christian theology from its previous position of authority. This path-breaking book is a major contribution to the interdisciplinary dialogue between economics and religion.
Oslington tells the story of natural theology shaping political economy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, emphasising continuing significance of theological issues for the discipline of economics. Early political economists such as Adam Smith, Josiah Tucker, Edmund Burke, William Paley, TR Malthus, Richard Whately, JB Sumner, Thomas Chalmers and William Whewell, extended the British scientific natural theology tradition of Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton to the social world. This extension nourished and shaped political economy as a discipline, influencing its theoretical framework, but perhaps more importantly helping legitimate political economy in the British universities and public policy circles. Educating the public in the principles of political economy had a central place in this religiously driven program. Natural theology also created tensions (especially reconciling economic suffering with divine goodness and power) that eventually contributed to its demise and the separation of economics from theology in mid-19th-century Britain. This volume highlights aspects of the story that are neglected in standard histories of economics, histories of science and contemporary theology.
Political Economy as Natural Theology is essential reading for all concerned with the origins of economics, the meaning and purpose of economic activity and the role of religion in contemporary policy debates.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Natural Theology: Philosophical and Historical Issues
Introduction
Natural theology and scripture
Varieties of natural theology
The British tradition of scientific natural theology
Natural theology, creation and providence
Natural theology and theodicy
Conclusion
3 Early English Theological Roots of Political Economy
Introduction
Joseph Butler (1692-1752)
Josiah Tucker (1713-99)
William Paley (1743-1805)
Edmund Burke (1729-97)
Conclusion
4 Adam Smith as Natural Theologian
Introduction
Adam Smith's religious background
Adam Smith's invisible hand
Adam Smith's theodicy
The future hope, nature and justice in Smith's system.
Conclusion
5 Natural Theology and the Emergence of Political Economy: Stewart, Malthus, Sumner and Chalmers
Introduction
Further Scottish background: Dugald Stewart
Malthus' Principle of Population and its theodicy
Development of Malthus' theodicy by JB Sumner
Malthus' Scottish disciple Thomas Chalmers
Conclusion
6 Progress and Tension: Richard Whately and William Whewell
Introduction
Political Economy at Oxford: Nassau Senior and the responses by Richard Whately and JH Newman
Richard Whately
Political Economy at Cambridge: Richard Jones and William Whewell
Conclusion
7 The Demise of Natural Theology and Separation of Economics from Theology
Introduction
Explaining the separation of economics from theology
Explaining the demise of natural theology
The demise of natural theolog
