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How could a community of 2000-3000 Viking peasants survive in Arctic Greenland for 430 years (ca. 985-1415), and why did they finally disappear? European agriculture in an Arctic environment encountered serious ecological challenges. The Norse peasants faced these challenges by adapting agricultural practices they had learned from the Atlantic and North Sea coast of Norway.
Norse Greenland was the stepping stone for the Europeans who first discovered America and settled briefly in Newfoundland ca. AD 1000. The community had a global significance which surpassed its modest size.
In the last decades scholars have been nearly unanimous in emphasising that long-term climatic and environmental changes created a situation where Norse agriculture was no longer sustainable and the community was ruined. A secondary hypothesis has focused on ethnic confrontations between Norse peasants and Inuit hunters. In the last decades ethnic violence has been on the rise in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and parts of Africa. In some cases it has degenerated into ethnic cleansing. This has strengthened the interest in ethnic violence in past societies. Challenging traditional hypotheses is a source of progress in all science. The present book does this on the basis of relevant written and archaeological material respecting the methodology of both sciences.
Contents
INTRODUCTION / 1 The problem / 2 Earlier research / 3 The contribution of this volume / CHAPTER I THE INITIAL SETTLEMENT IN AD 985/6 / 1 The Icelandic sagas as historical sources / 2 The first Greenlanders / 3 Conclusion / CHAPTER II POLITICAL ORGANISATION / 1 Ethnic identity / 2 Violence in a pre-state society / 3 Jurisdiction on pre state Greenland / 4 Financing state functions in the pre state period / 5 Ties to the Norwegian king before 1261 / 6 Attempts to organise a state administration after 1261/ CHAPTER III CHURCH AND RELIGION / 1 Christianisation / 2 Church organisation before the parish (AD 1000-1124) / 3 The parish 1124 - 1340 / 4 The Gardar diocese / 5 The monasteries / 6 The supernatural and the natural world / 7 The Greenland church in its final decades 1340-1410 / CHAPTER IV TRADE AND SHIPPING / 1 The imports / 2 The exports / 3 Quantifying trade and shipping to Norse Greenland / 4 Crossing the Greenland Ocean / 5 Overseas destinations / 6 Ships and boats / 7 The merchants / 8 The political framework for trade and shipping / CHAPTER V SUBSISTENCE FOOD PRODUCTION / 1 The basis: animal husbandry / 2 Providing fodder for domestic animals / 3 Animal husbandry in crisis? / 4 Hunting and fishing as flexible supplements / 5 The quality of the Norse Greenlanders' diet / 6 Norse and Inuit adaptation to the Greenland environment / 7 Did the last Norsemen die from starvation or undernourishment? / CHAPTER VI ONE LAND - TWO SOCIETIES / 1 Inuit attitude to violence / 2 Norse encounters with Inuit from beginning to end / 3 We found a rich land, but are not destined to enjoy it.
