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Full Description
Like any other software system, Web sites gradually accumulate "cruft" over time. They slow down. Links break. Security and compatibility problems mysteriously appear. New features don't integrate seamlessly. Things just don't work as well. In an ideal world, you'd rebuild from scratch. But you can't: there's no time or money for that. Fortunately, there's a solution: You can refactor your Web code using easy, proven techniques, tools, and recipes adapted from the world of software development. In Refactoring HTML, Elliotte Rusty Harold explains how to use refactoring to improve virtually any Web site or application. Writing for programmers and non-programmers alike, Harold shows how to refactor for better reliability, performance, usability, security, accessibility, compatibility, and even search engine placement. Step by step, he shows how to migrate obsolete code to today's stable Web standards, including XHTML, CSS, and REST-and eliminate chronic problems like presentation-based markup, stateful applications, and "tag soup." The book's extensive catalog of detailed refactorings and practical "recipes for success" are organized to help you find specific solutions fast, and get maximum benefit for minimum effort. Using this book, you can quickly improve site performance now-and make your site far easier to enhance, maintain, and scale for years to come.Topics covered include* Recognizing the "smells" of Web code that should be refactored* Transforming old HTML into well-formed, valid XHTML, one step at a time* Modernizing existing layouts with CSS* Updating old Web applications: replacing POST with GET, replacing old contact forms, and refactoring JavaScript* Systematically refactoring content and links* Restructuring sites without changing the URLs your users rely uponThis book will be an indispensable resource for Web designers, developers, project managers, and anyone who maintains or updates existing sites. It will be especially helpful to Web professionals who learned HTML years ago, and want to refresh their knowledge with today's standards-compliant best practices. This book will be an indispensable resource for Web designers, developers, project managers, and anyone who maintains or updates existing sites. It will be especially helpful to Web professionals who learned HTML years ago, and want to refresh their knowledge with today's standards-compliant best practices.
Contents
Foreword by Martin Fowler xvii Foreword by Bob DuCharme xix About the Author xxi Chapter 1 Refactoring 1 Why Refactor 3 When to Refactor 11 What to Refactor To 13Objections to Refactoring 23Chapter 2 Tools 25 Backups, Staging Servers, and Source Code Control 25 Validators 27 Testing 34 Regular Expressions 48 Tidy 54 TagSoup 60 XSLT 62 Chapter 3 Well-Formedness 65 What Is Well-Formedness? 66 Change Name to Lowercase 69 Quote Attribute Value 73 Fill In Omitted Attribute Value 76 Replace Empty Tag with Empty-Element Tag 78 Add End-tag 81 Remove Overlap 85 Convert Text to UTF-8 89 Escape Less-Than Sign 91 Escape Ampersand 93 Escape Quotation Marks in Attribute Values 96 Introduce an XHTML DOCTYPE Declaration 98 Terminate Each Entity Reference 101 Replace Imaginary Entity References 102 Introduce a Root Element 103 Introduce the XHTML Namespace 104 Chapter 4 Validity 107 Introduce a Transitional DOCTYPE Declaration 109 Remove All Nonexistent Tags 111 Add an alt Attribute 114 Replace embed with object 117 Introduce a Strict DOCTYPE Declaration 123 Replace center with CSS 124 Replace font with CSS 127 Replace i with em or CSS 131 Replace b with strong or CSS 134 Replace the color Attribute with CSS 136 Convert img Attributes to CSS 140 Replace applet with object 142 Replace Presentational Elements with CSS 146 Nest Inline Elements inside Block Elements 149 Chapter 5 Layout 155 Replace Table Layouts 156 Replace Frames with CSS Positions 170 Move Content to the Front 180 Mark Up Lists as Lists 184 Replace blockquote/ul Indentation with CSS 187 Replace Spacer GIFs 189 Add an ID Attribute 191 Add Width and Height to an Image 195 Chapter 6 Accessibility 199 Convert Images to Text 202 Add Labels to Form Input 206 Introduce Standard Field Names 210 Turn on Autocomplete 216 Add Tab Indexes to Forms 218 Introduce Skip Navigation 222 Add Internal Headings 225 Move Unique Content to the Front of Links and Headlines 226 Make the Input Field Bigger 228 Introduce Table Descriptions 230 Introduce Acronym Elements 235 Introduce lang Attributes 236 Chapter 7 Web Applications 241 Replace Unsafe GET with POST 241 Replace Safe POST with GET 246 Redirect POST to GET 251 Enable Caching 254 Prevent Caching 258 Introduce ETag 261 Replace Flash with HTML 265 Add Web Forms 2.0 Types 270 Replace Contact Forms with mailto Links 277 Block Robots 280 Escape User Input 284 Chapter 8 Content 287 Correct Spelling 287 Repair Broken Links 292 Move a Page 298 Remove the Entry Page 302 Hide E-mail Addresses 304 Appendix A Regular Expressions 309 Characters That Match Themselves 309 Metacharacters 311 Wildcards 312 Quantifiers 313 Index 327
