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This impressive collection of readings illustrates that the history of the world is as much about the relationships among societies as it is about transformations and continuities within societies.Exchanges: A Global History Reader is designed as an introduction to the discipline of world history. Unlike other source collections, Exchanges helps students look beyond strictly delineated regionalism and chronological structures to understand history as a product of ongoing debate. Structured around a series of interconnected themes and debates, and pairing both primary and secondary sources, Exchanges challenges both students and teachers to rethink history.
Contents
Chapter 1 The Origins of Agriculture and Civilization 38The First Farmers 40>> 10. JARED DIAMOND, Location, Location, Location:The First Farmers 41The Eloquent Peasant 43>> 11. The Eloquent Peasant 44Agriculture 45>> 12. FRANCESCA BRAY, Agriculture 45Complex Food Systems in Mesoamerica 47>> 13. JOHN S. HENDERSON, The World of the Ancient Maya 47Complex Food Systems in Africa 49>> 14. DAVID L. SCHOENBRUN, We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculturebetween the Great Lakes 50Conversations with Ogotemelli 52>> 15. MARCEL GRIAULE, Conversations with Ogotemmeli:An Introduction to Dogon Religious Ideas 52Cultural Heroes and the Origins of Agriculture 53>> 16. Han Shu 24, translated by Nancy Lee Swann 54Chapter 2 The City: Its Origins and Nature 56Early Mesopotamian Cities 58>> 17. J. N. POSTGATE, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economyat the Dawn of History 59Uruk, a Mesopotamian City 60>> 18. The Epic of Gilgamesh, translated by N. K. Sandars 61Cities in Mesoamerica 62>> 19. OCTAVIO PAZ, Food of the Gods 63>> 20. RICHARD M. LEVENTHAL AND CHARLES H. HOWARTH, JR., "Copan:Ancient City of the Maya" 64The Origins of the Polis 66>> 21. ANTHONY SNODGRASS, Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment 66The Polis of Athens 68>> 22. THUCYDIDES, History of the Peloponnesian War, translated byRex Warner 68Humans as Polis Dwellers 69>> 23. ARISTOTLE, The Politics of Aristotle, translated byErnest Barker 70iv ContentsChapter 3 Consolidation and Fragmentation of Power: TheUrban Context 72The Unification of Egypt 74>> 24. BARRY J. KEMP, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization 74The Memphite Theology 75>> 25. Memphite Theology 76Shang Oracle Bones 77>> 26. DAVID N. KEIGHTLEY, Shang Oracle-Bone Inscriptions 77The King of the Road 78>> 27. "The King of the Road": A Self-Laudatory Shulgi Hymn 79Lordship in Mesoamerica 80>> 28. Popol Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life, translatedby Dennis Tedlock 81Citizenship in Ancient Greece 81>> 29. ANTHONY SNODGRASS, Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment 82Constitution of the Athenians 83>> 30. ARISTOTLE, Aristotle's Constitution of Athens and Related Texts,translated by Kurt von Fritz and Ernst Kapp 83A North Indian City 85>> 31. The Ra-ma- yan.a of Va- lm-iki: An Epic of Ancient India,translated by Robert P. Goldman 85Chapter 4 Ancient Religions: Cosmology, Cosmogony,and Right Ritual 112The Nature of Polytheism 114>> 40. YEHEZKEL KAUFMANN, The Religion of Israel: From Its Beginningsto the Babylonian Exile, translated by Moshe Greenberg 114A Greek Account of the Birth of the Gods 117>> 41. HESIOD, Theogony, translated by Richmond Lattimore 117A Mayan Account of the Birth of the Universe 120>> 42. Popol Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life, translatedby Dennis Tedlock 120Vedic Understandings of the Cosmic System 122>> 43. The Laws of Manu, translated by Wendy Doniger 123>> 44. The Ramayana, translated by R. K. Narayan 124Humans and the Cosmos 125>> 45. The Laws of Manu, translated by Wendy Doniger 125>> 46. Popol Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life, translatedby Dennis Tedlock 126Contrasting Monotheism and Henotheism 129>> 47. The Great Hymn to the Aten 129>> 48. Psalm 104, The New Oxford Annotated Bible 132Chapter 5 The Axial Age: New Reflections on Society,Religion, and Knowledge 134The Axial Age Defined 136>> 49. KARL JASPERS, The Origin and Goal of History, translatedby Michael Bullock 136The Axial Age Refined 138>> 50. ARNALDO MOMIGLIANO, Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization 139The Birth of History in Greece 139>> 51. THUCYDIDES, History of the Peloponnesian War, translatedby Rex Warner 140vi ContentsThe Birth of Philosophy in China 141>> 52. CONFUCIUS, The Analects of Confucius, translated by Simon Leys 142A New Vision of Righteous Living from South Asia 144>> 53. Buddha's First Sermon, version producedby Maitreya Sangha 145The New Jerusalem 146>> 54. Nehemiah 3:1-7; 8:1-8; 13:1-27 and Isaiah 43; 44:28-45:22;and 66, The New Oxford Annotated Bible 146A Mesoamerican Axial Age 153>> 55. DAVID DREW, The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings 153Chapter 6 The New Politics and Culture-The Consequencesof the New Vision 157The Unification of China 159>> 56. SIMA QIAN, Historical Records, translated by Raymond Dawson 160>> 57. CHO-YUN, HSU, The Changing Relationship between LocalSociety and the Central Political Power in the FormerHan: 206 B.C.-8 A.D. 162The Invention of Greek Democracy 164>> 58. THUCYDIDES, History of the Peloponnesian War, translatedby Rex Warner 164>> 59. ARISTOTLE, The Politics of Aristotle, translated by Ernest Barker 166The Limits of Hellenism 167>> 60. ALAN E. SAMUEL, The Shifting Sands of History: Interpretationsof Ptolemaic Egypt 167The Universal Cities of the Roman Empire 168>> 61. GREG WOOLF, Becoming Roman: The Origins of ProvincialCivilization in Gaul 169>> 62. AELIUS ARISTIDES, To Rome 171A Buddhist Empire in South Asia 172>> 63. ASOKA, Rock Edicts, rendered by Ven. S. Dhammika 172Chapter 7 Carriers of Exchange 177Cultural Exchange in Mesoamerica 178>> 64. OCTAVIO PAZ, The Power of Ancient Mexican Art 179The Orientalizing Revolution in Greece 180>> 65. WALTER BURKERT, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influenceon Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age, translated by MargaretE. Pinder and Walter Burkert 181Cultural Diffusion in China and Africa 182>> 66. ELIZABETH ISICHEI, A History of African Societies to 1870 182Contents vii>> 67. WILLIAM WATSON, The Chinese Contribution to EasternNomad Culture in the Pre-Han and Early Han Periods 184Changing North-East African Trade Patterns 185>> 68. The Autobiography of Harkhuf 186>> 69. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, translated by Lionel Casson 187Palmyra Caravan Tariffs 188>> 70. Palmyra Caravan Tariffs 189Immigrants as a Cultural Force in China 190>> 71. SIMA QIAN, Historical Records, translated by Raymond Dawson 191The Lion Capital 192>> 72. The Asoka Capital, Sarnath, India [Third century B.C.E.] 193The Diffusion of Greek Art in the Ancient World 193>> 73. JOHN BOARDMAN, The Diffusion of Classical Art inAntiquity 194>> 74. Greco-Buddhist art 196Part 2 Conclusion 199Part 3The Transformation and Rebirth of World Systems(c. 2001 C.E.-1000 C.E.) 203Chapter 8 The Fall of Empires 207Eurasian Collapse-A Continental Crisis 208>> 75. BARRY K. GILLS, AND ANDRE GUNDER FRANK, World System Cycles,Crises, and Hegemonic Shifts, 1700 B.C. to 1700 A.D. 209The Sack of Rome 211by Wilfrid Parsons 212Luxuries and Decline 213>> 77. IBN KHALDUN, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History,translated by F. Rosenthal 213Ecological Collapse 215>> 78. JARED DIAMOND, Ecological Collapses of Past Civilizations 216The Fall of the Roman Empire 217>> 79. A. H. M. JONES, The Decline of the Ancient World 218The Conquest of the S (R)s (R)nian Empire 221>> 80. MARSHALL HODGSON, The Venture of Islam: Conscienceand History in a World Civilization 222The Fall of Teotihuacan 224>> 81. RENE MILLON, The Last Years of TeotihuacanDominance 224viii ContentsEnvironmental Problems: Aksum and the Maya 226>> 82. STUART MUNRO HAY, Aksum: An African Civilizationin Late Antiquity 227>> 83. T. PATRICK CULBERT, The Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization 228Chapter 9 Migrations of the First Millennium 230The Huns 232>> 84. AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, The Later Roman Empire,translated by Walter Hamilton 232The Huna in India 235>> 85. ROMILA THAPAR, The Image of the Barbarian in Early India 235The Angles and Saxons Come to Britain 236>> 86. BEDE, Ecclesiastical History of the English People 236Barbarians in Mesoamerica 237>> 87. MICHAEL D. COE, Mexico 237The Expansion of the Bantu 239>> 88. CHRISTOPHER EHRET, An African Classical Age: Eastern and SouthernAfrica in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400 239Challenging the Master Narrative 240>> 89. LESTER LITTLE, Cypress Beams, Kufic Script, and Cut Stone:Rebuilding the Master Narrative of European History 241Chapter 10 The Heirs of Empires: Rebuilding theState System 244Europe after Rome 246>> 90. PATRICK J. GEARY, Before France and Germany: The Creation andTransformation of the Merovingian World 246The Propaganda of Lineage 248>> 91. Liber Historiae Francorum, translated by Bernard S. Bachrach 249The Unification of China 249>> 92. ARTHUR F. WRIGHT, The Sui Dynasty 250Advice to a Future Emperor 252>> 93. Emperor Taizong on Effective Government 252Japan and the Creation of a State 255>> 94. KENNETH G. HENSHALL, A History of Japan: From Stone Ageto Superpower 256>> 95. The Seventeen Article Constitution, 604 A.D. 257Chapter 11 The Diffusion of Culture 261Buddhism in China 262>> 96. ERIC ZUERCHER, Buddhism: Its Origin and Spread in Words,Maps and Pictures 263Contents ix>> 97. J. K. FAIRBANK AND MERLE GOLDMAN, China: A New History 264>> 98. MOZI, The Disposition of Error 265Two faces of Christianity 267>> 99. BEDE, Ecclesiastical History of the English People 268>> 100. CHARLEMAGNE, Capitulary Concerning the Regions of Saxony,translated by P. D. King 269New Crops in Spain 270>> 101. THOMAS F. GLICK, Islamic and Christian Spain in the EarlyMiddle Ages 271The Spread of Arabic 272>> 102. ANWAR G. CHEJNE, The Arabic Language: Its Role in History 272To Make or Not to Make Ceramics 274>> 103. JAN VANSINA, How Societies Are Born: Governance inWest Central Africa before 1600 274Part 3 Conclusion 276Part 4The Medieval World System, 1000-1500 279Chapter 12 Global Trade Networks 285The Islamic World as the Hub of Eurasian Trade 287>> 104. AL-QALQASHAND-I, Subh al-a 'sha-, translatedby Bernard Lewis 287Rebuilding Europe: The Origins of Its Hegemony 288>> 105. JANET L. ABU-LUGHOD, Before European Hegemony: The WorldSystem A.D. 1250-1350 289Eastern Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Beyond 290>> 106. CHAPURUKHA M. KUSIMBA, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States 291Marco Polo and the Post System in the Mongol Empire 291translated by Ronald Latham 292Markets in China and India 293>> 108. CH'OE PU, Diary: A Record of Drifting Across the Sea,translated by John Meskill 293>> 109. ABD-ER-RAZZ K, Narrative of the Voyage 294Tribute and Gift Exchange in the Americas 294>> 110. DAVID DREW, The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings 295>> 111. Records of Tribute Received by the AztecCapital, 1502-1520 296x ContentsChapter 13 Exploration and Conquest 299Vikings in North America 301>> 112. Groelendinga Saga, translated by Magnus Magnussonand Hermann Palsson 301The Crusades 303>> 113. The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres, Book I, translated byMartha E. McGinty 303The Portuguese in the Atlantic 304Conquest of Guinea, translated by Charles Raymond Beazleyand Edgar Prestage 305The Kingdom of Songhay 306>> 115. ROLAND OLIVER AND ANTHONY ATMORE, MedievalAfrica, 1250-1800 307The Mongols 309>> 116. IBN KATHIR, The Fall of Baghdad (1258), translated byBernard Lewis 309>> 117. A Mongol Governor, translated by Patricia Ebrey 311Ambassadors, Post Systems, and Lame Conquerors 312>> 118. Clavijo: Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403-1406, translated byGuy le Strange 313Conquest in the New World 314>> 119. INGA CLENDINNEN, Aztecs: An Interpretation 315Hamilton and Dana Buchanan 316Chapter 14 Exchanges of Inventions, Ideas,and Disease 319China: Hotbed of Inventions 320>> 121. JOSEPH NEEDHAM, Science and Civilisation in China 321>> 122. DAVID LANDES, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: WhySome Are So Rich and Some So Poor 323The Perpetual Motion Machines of India 324>> 123. LYNN WHITE, JR., Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources ofWestern Medieval Technology 324The Chess Queen 325>> 124. MARILYN YALOM, Birth of the Chess Queen 326Networks of Disease 327>> 125. WILLIAM H. MCNEILL, Plagues and Peoples 328Contents xi>> 126. IBN AL-WARD-I, Risa-lah al-naba' 'an al-waba', translated byMichael Dols 329>> 127. GABRIELE DE' MUSSIS, Historia de Morbo, translatedby Rosemary Horrox 330Chapter 15 Exchanges and Perceptions of the Other 333Russia Searches for a Monotheistic Religion 334>> 128. The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, translatedby S.H. Cross and O.P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor 335Muslims and Crusaders 336>> 129. USA-MAH IBN-MUNQIDH, Kita- b al-I'tiba- r, translated by Philip K. Hitti 337Mali in the Fourteenth Century 338>> 130. IBN BATTU-TA, Rihla, translated by J. F. P. Hopkins and N. Levtzion 339The Mongols through the Eyes of Their Neighbors 340>> 132. LI CHIH-CH'ANG, The Travels of an Alchemist, translated byArthur Waley 342The Old and the New World Confront Each Other 343translated by William Gates 344>> 134. GORDON BROTHERSTON, Image of the New World: The AmericanContinent Portrayed in Native Texts 345Part 4 Conclusion 348Chapter 16 Transition: Bridging the Divide in World History 350Credits 355
