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Full Description
This comprehensive review examines the biological, medical, social, historical, and political aspects of HIV/AIDS.
In AIDS, three Harvard-educated physicians explore the evolution of the HIV epidemic, contextualizing the disease from historical, social, and medical perspectives. Addressing the last 25 years, the book examines basic biological principles, including what a virus is, how the human immune system works, and how HIV impairs these functions. It presents an in-depth discussion of the HIV life cycle, explores central issues pertaining to diagnosis and treatment, and sheds light on how the treatment was developed and implemented.
The book also reviews global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and principles of transmission, as well as what comprises an epidemic and the factors that determine whether an infectious outbreak will propagate or die out. Finally, it looks at where HIV came from; early reactions to the disease and the social stigma it engendered; the cultural impact of HIV-positive role models; and the global economic, population, and political effects of this illness.
Contents
Series Foreword
Preface
Timeline
Chapter 1 Historical Perspective: Where Did HIV Come From?
First Cases
Where Did HIV Come From?
The Disease Spreads
Spread of HIV in Africa
Finding the Virus
A Test for HIV
Initial Social Reactions to HIV
Summary
Chapter 2 What Is HIV?
What Is HIV?
What Is a Virus?
Case Studies: Different Types of Viruses
The Common Cold
The Chicken Pox (Varicella) Virus
Ebola Virus
The Structure of HIV
Role of DNA and RNA in Reproduction
Infection with HIV
HIV Receptors
Viral Life Cycle 1: Hacking into the Cell
HIV Reverse Transcriptase: Accident Prone
HIV cDNA
Viral Life Cycle 2: Viral Production
Active vs. Dormant States of HIV
Active Replication
Summary
Chapter 3 An Introduction to the Human Immune System
The Two Arms of the Immune System: Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
B and T Cells
Autoimmune Disease
Antibodies
Cell-Mediated Immunity
CD4 Helper Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Effect of HIV on the Immune System
HIV's Effect on CD4 Cells
Opportunistic Infections
From HIV to AIDS
Summary
Chapter 4 HIV around the World (Global Epidemiology)
What Is an Epidemic?
Infection Models
Measles
HIV
Basic Reproductive Rate of Infection
Epidemiologic Principles: Putting It Together
Summary
Chapter 5 HIV Transmission
How Is HIV Transmitted?
At-Risk Groups
HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections
Relative Risk of HIV Transmission during Different Stages of HIV Infection
Pregnancy
Case Studies
China
India
Africa
Prevention
Education
Behavioral Changes
Screening
Summary
Chapter 6 How Does HIV Affect the Body?
Acquisition of HIV and Early Events
The Body's Immune Response to HIV
The Acute Retroviral Syndrome: Symptoms and Signs of Early Infection
Timeline from Infection to AIDS
Symptoms of Advanced HIV Disease and AIDS
Examples of Some Opportunistic Infections
PCP
MAI
Toxoplasmosis
Cryptococcus
Cytomegalovirus
Nonopportunistic Complications of HIV
Coinfections
HIV and Hepatitis
HIV and Tuberculosis
HIV and Syphilis
Summary
Chapter 7 Diagnosis and Treatment
How Is HIV Diagnosed?
Who Should Be Tested for HIV?
Medications for HIV
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors
Entry Inhibitors
Integrase Inhibitors
HIV Medication Combinations
HIV Mutations and Resistance
Medication Side Effects
Early HIV Medication Reactions
Long-Term Complications of HIV Medication Use
Complications of HIV Disease
Life Expectancy and Important Health Issues
Vaccines
Travel
Pets
Having a Family
Summary
Chapter 8 Cultural Impact of HIV
Early Reactions to HIV
Social Stigma
The Ryan White Story
Magic Johnson: The Icon of "Living Well" with HIV
Global Health Effect
Orphan Crisis
Economic Effect
Population Effect
Barriers to Treatment
Individual Barriers
Structural Barriers
Summary
Chapter 9 Lessons Learned and Future Directions
Successes
Discovery
Pathogenesis
Diagnostic Testing
Drug Development
Better Medications
Increased Survival
Setbacks
Case Identification
Late Presentation
Education and Prevention
Global Treatment Programs
Vaccine Development
Summary
Chapter 10 "My Story"
Judy's Story
John's Story
Christopher's Story
Chapter 11 What You Can Do
Glossary
Recommended Reading
Index
