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My fIrst encounter with the name of William Charles Wells, over twenty years ago, was an oblique reference to his Essay upon single vision that Wheatstone (1838) made in a classical article on binocular vision. The reference was enigmatic because it stated that few had paid attention to Wells' theory of visual direction, while doing little to infonn the reader of its novelty. I was fortunate in having the excellent facility of the Rare Books and Manuscripts Department of the Library at the University of St. Andrews near at hand, so that I could cousult a copy of Wells' monograph. However, I was not aware of the full import of its contents until Hiroshi Ono visited Dundee from York University, Ontario, in 1980. Hiroshi had previously fonnalised the principles of binocular visual direction that Hering (1879) had proposed. He returned one day from St. Andrews, having read Wells' Essay upon single vision, amazed to have found that Wells had perfonned similar experiments and reached similar conclusions to Hering. Hiroshi Ono has done much to bring Wells' work on binocular single vision to the notice of visual scientists, although its reception has not been without opposition. As I read more of Wells' work on vision I became aware of its breadth as well as its depth. In addition to his essay on binocular single vision, he wrote about and conducted experiments on accommodation, visual acuity, visual persistence, and vertigo.
Contents
1. The Scientific Life of Wells.- Scientific Life of Wells.- Theory of Dew.- Theory of Natural Selection.- A Memoir of the Life of William Charles Wells, M.D. Written by Himself.- 2. Visual Science in the Eighteenth Century.- Colour.- Optics and Medicine.- Cheselden's Case.- Accommodation.- Binocular Vision.- 3. An Essay Upon Single Vision With Two Eyes.- Essay upon Single Vision with Two Eyes.- 4. Wells and Visual Science.- Single Vision with Two Eyes.- Afterimages.- Eye Movements.- Visual Persistence.- Accommodation.- Eyeglasses.- Distinct Vision.- Visible Position and Motion.- 5. Wells and The Origins of Vestibular Research.- Early History of Vertigo.- Wells and Erasmus Darwin: The Vertiginous Philosophers.- Darwin's device: The Rotative Couch.- Visual Orientation.- Why Was Wells' Work on Vertigo Overlooked?.- 6. The Scientific Vision of Wells.- Nativism and Empiricism.- Binocular Vision.- Afterimages.- Vertigo.- 7. Scientific Vision After Wells.- Instrumental Origins of Experimental Psychology.- Binocular vision.- Accommodation.- Vestibular Research.- 8. Distinguished Oblivion.- Wells and Vision.- Wells and Medicine.- The Ultimate Oblivion.- Appendix. Account of a Female of the White Race of Mankind, Part of Whose Skin Resembles that of a Negro(1813/1818).- References.- Name Index.
