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The geochemical processes that take place in water bodies do not stem entirely from the activity of bacteria, but are also determined by the biological activity of higher plants and animals. The Microflora of Lakes and Its Geochemical Activity, the first English translation of the work of S. I. Kuznetsov, renowned Soviet microbiologist, is a detailed description of these processes.
The Microflora of Lakes opens with a complete outline of the ecology and physical and chemical properties of water bodies and a discussion of the entire complex of hydrobionts, since these factors exert tremendous influence on the microbial population. The work then focuses on the principles of the morphology and physiology of the living cell, background knowledge essential to the understanding of the role of microorganisms in the chemical cycle. Having laid the groundwork for the discussion, Kuznetsov follows with chapters on the distribution of bacteria and transformations of organic matter in lakes. He then examines the role of bacteria in the oxygen regime, and the cycles of organic matter, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, manganese and phosphorus. The last chapter describes the role of microorganisms in sediments of calcium carbonate waters.
The Microflora of Lakes and Its Geochemical Activity provides a wealth of information on the microbial limnology of fresh-water lakes throughout the world, particularly in the Soviet Union. As a summary of the geochemical activities as related to the geographic, geological, and physical relationships of fresh-water lakes, it is a monumental study.
The Microflora of Lakes was translated for the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations in Jerusalem.
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Elements of Limnology as Environmental Factors in the Development of Microorganisms in Lakes
Hydrological Elements of Lake-Type Water Bodies
Origin of a water body
Lakes formed by tectonic activity. Lakes associated with volcanic activity, situated in craters or calderas. Lakes formed by mountain landslides. Glacial lakes. Sink lakes. River or oxbow lakes. Lakes situated in the marginal zone of seas or large lakes. Man-made lakes or artificial reservoirs. Lakes formed in meteorite craters.
Sources of water supply to the lake
Thermal regime of the lake
Density of water. Spring circulation. Summer stagnation and thermocline formation. Fall circulation. Winter stagnation. Thermal stratification of lakes.
Optic properties of the water
Turbidity of lake water. Color of lake water. Transparency of water. Penetration of light into the lake.
Basic Hydrochemistry of Lakes
Salt composition of the water
Dissolved gases
Active acidity
Oxidation-reduction potential of lake water
Organic matter in the water mass of lakes
Lake Silts and Their Physical-Chemical Characteristics
Terminology and classification of lake sediments
Microzonal theory of silt structure
Geographic zonality of lake sediments
Thermal relationships of silt sediments
Chemical composition of silt sediments
Composition of organic matter. Forms of nitrogen in silt sediments. Mineral composition of silt sediments. Electric conductivity of the silt solution.
Oxidation-reduction potential of silt sediments
Classification of Lakes according to Their Trophic Conditions
Principles of the Morphology and Physiology of the Living Cell
Basic Features of the Cell of the Living Organism
DNA and RNA
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. Replication of DNA. the ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule. Distribution of DNA in cells.
Composition of the cytoplasm
Nutrition of the cell
Structure of the plant cell
Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Chromosomes. Nucleolus. Nuclear membrane. Locomotor organelles.
Morphology of the Bacterial Cell
Chemical composition of the bacterial cell
Structure of the bacterial cell
Protoplast. Cytoplasmic membrane. Cytoplasmic inclusions. Nucleus or chromatin body. Flagella. Endospores.
General Physiology of Bacteria
Growth, reproduction, and death of bacteria
The process of cell production. Vegetative reproduction of bacteria. Reproduction and death of bacteria.
Enzymes and their role as carriers of energy
The nature of enzymes. Factors affecting the activity of enzymes. Enzymes and the live cell. Specificity of enzymes. Inductive and constitutive enzymes. Reversibility of enzyme action. Nomenclature, classification, and activity of enzymes.
Classification of bacteria on the basis of their nutrition and energy supply
Sources and carriers of energy in microorganisms
Chemically bound energy. Coupling of reactions. High-energy compounds.
Biological oxidation as a source of energy in the heterotrophic mode of life
Respiration as biological oxidation. Pasteur effect. Mechanism of the formation of energy-rich phosphorus compounds. Phosphorylation on substrate level. Oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative assimilation. Other hydrogen acceptors.
Development involving the utilization of bound oxygen
Organisms capable of utilizing both free and bound oxygen. Anaerobic respiration. Fermentation.
Dissimilation
Dissimilation of carbohydrates. Mechanism of the oxidation of organic compounds in the process of respiration. Aerobic oxidation of pyruvic acid (respiration process) - Krebs cycle. Anaerobic breakdown (fermentation) of pyruvic acid.
Assimilation in microorganisms and the role of CO2 in the process
Growth factors. Synthesis of polysaccharides. Synthesis of fatty acids. Synthesis of proteins.
Sources of energy in autotrophic bacteria
General scheme of energy transfer. Bacterial photosynthesis. Mechanism of CO2 fixation. General scheme of anabolism in chemosynthetic organisms.
Distribution of Bacteria in Lakes
Specific Composition and Density of Aquatic Bacteria
Specific composition of the bacterial population of lakes
The total amount of microorganisms in lake water
The total amount of microorganisms in lake silts
Characteristics of the aquatic microflora that can be detected only at very high magnification
Factors Affecting the Growth of Bacteria
The effect of organic compounds
The effect of sunlight on the distribution of bacteria in lakes
The effect of temperature
The effect of the zooplankton on the density of bacteria in lakes
Relationships between the phytoplankton and the aquatic microflora
Transformations of Organic Matter in Lakes
The Origin of Organic Matter in Lakes
Photosynthesis by the phytoplankton
Photosynthesis by pigmented sulfur bacteria
Chemosynthetic production of organic matter in lakes
Production of bacterial biomass from organic compounds dissolved in the water
Mineralization of Organic Matter in Lakes
Microbiology of cellulose
Aerobic mesophilic organisms that attack cellulose. Anaerobic mesophilic microflora that attack cellulose. Methane-producing bacteria.
Hydrogen bacteria
Methane-oxidizing bacteria
Bacterial oxidation of hydrocarbons
Microbiology of hemicellulose
Microbiology of chitin
Microbiology of lignin
Microbiological breakdown of humic compounds
Less known organisms participating in the mineralization of organic matter in water bodies
Stalked microorganisms of the order Caulobacteriales. the order of budding bacteria - Hyphomicrobiales. Predatory bacteria.
Degradation of Organic Matter in Lakes
Degradation of organic matter in the water mass of lakes
Breakdown of organic matter suspended in the water mass of lakes
Decay of the higher aquatic vegetation
Decomposition of organic matter in silt
Anaerobic breakdown of hydrocarbons with the production of gases. Anaerobic breakdown of hemicelluloses and sugars. Anaerobic breakdown of cellulose. Anaerobic breakdown of fatty acids. Fermentation of silt by pure bacterial cultures. Breakdown of the bituminous fraction of organic matter. Vertical range of active breakdown of organic matter in silt.
Causes of the localization of the gas-yielding breakdown of organic matter in the deep part of the basin of eutrophic lakes
Scheme of Carbon Cycle in Lakes
Microbiological Processes Associated with Oxygen Dynamics in Water Bodies
Characteristic Types of the Vertical Distribution of Oxygen in Lakes during the Summer and Their Nomenclature
Oxygen Dynamics of Lakes and Associated Factors
Entry of oxygen into lakes
Oxygen consumption in lakes
Consumption of oxygen for the oxidation of organic compounds dissolved in the water. Consumption of oxygen by silt and its effect on the overall dynamics of oxygen in lakes. Consumption of oxygen in the water mass of the lake for respiration of the zooplankton and phytoplankton. the contribution of bacterial respiration to the total consumption of oxygen in the water mass of the lake. Consumption of dissolved oxygen for bacterial respiration. Consumption of oxygen for the biological oxidation of methane and hydrogen liberated from the lake bottom.
Effect of the biological oxidation of ferrous salts on the oxygen regime of lakes
Effect of the biological oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on the oxygen regime of lakes
The Nitrogen Cycle in Lakes
Morphology and Special Physiology of Microorganisms Participating in the Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen fixation
Azotobacter. Clostridium pasteurianum. Blue-green algae as nitrogen-fixing agents. Other organisms capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Mechanism of nitrogen fixation.
Mineralization of organic nitrogen
Decomposition of proteins. Dissimilation of amino acids. Mechanism of mineralization of organic nitrogen.
Nitrifying bacteria
Nitrosomonas. Nitrobacter. Cultural characteristics of nitrifying bacteria.
Bacteria that produce free nitrogen
Denitrifying bacteria. the mechanism of denitrification.
Microbiological Processes of the Nitrogen Cycle in Lakes
Fixation of free nitrogen
Conversions of one form of nitrogen to another
Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen. Ammonification. Nitrification.
Losses of molecular nitrogen
Scheme of the Nitrogen Cycle in Lakes
The Sulfur Cycle in Lakes
Hydrochemical and Hydrographical Characteristics of Lakes in Terms of Their Sulfate and Sulfide Content
Freshwater hornomictic lakes
Lakes poor in sulfate. Lakes with a high sulfate content.
Freshwater meromictic lakes with a high sulfate content
Salt lakes situated in humid regions and connected with the sea
Lakes situated in arid regions and directly linked with the sea
Morphology and Special Physiology of Microorganisms that Participate in the Sulfur Cycle
Assimilation of sulfur compounds
Reduction of sulfate
Microorganisms that reduce sulfate. Mechanism of sulfate reduction.
Oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds
Thiobacillaceae. Mixotrophic strains of Thiobacillaceae. Colorless sulfur bacteria. Filamentous sulfur bacteria. Unicellular colorless sulfur bacteria. Purple sulfur bacteria, Thiorhodaceae. Green sulfur bacteria, Chlorobacteriaceae. Purple nonsulfur bacteria, Athiorhodaceae.
Microbiological Processes of the Sulfur Cycle in Lakes
Putrefaction of organic materials
The role of microorganisms in the reduction of sulfate
Distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in different biotopes. Rate of sulfate reduction.
The role of microorganisms in the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds
Distribution of sulfur bacteria in natural waters. Distribution of Thiobacillaceae in natural waters. Rate of the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by Thiobacillaceae and pigmented sulfur bacteria.
The Sulfur Cycle in Lakes
The Iron and Manganese Cycles in Lakes
Hydrochemical and Hydrographical Characterization of Lakes on the Basis of Their Iron and Manganese Content
Morphology and Special Physiology of the Microorganisms that Participate in the Iron and Manganese Cycles
Microorganisms that reduce compounds of oxidized iron and manganese
Microorganisms that precipitate iron and manganese compounds from the solution
Main species of iron bacteria capable of autotrophic life. Biogenic oxidation of manganous compounds.
Heterotrophic and mixotrophic organisms that deposit iron and manganese hydroxides
Filamentous iron bacteria. Unicellular iron bacteria. Heterotrophic and mixotrophic bacteria that oxidize manganese compounds.
Microorganisms that utilize the organic component of iron humates
Distribution of Iron Bacteria in Lakes
Role of Microorganisms in the Formation of Iron and Manganese Lake Ores
Distribution of microorganisms that reduce iron and manganese compounds in silt
Role of microorganisms in the formation of iron-manganese concretions
Scheme of the biogenic formation of manganese lake ore
Scheme of the Cycles of Iron and Manganese in Lakes
The Phosphorus Cycle in Lakes
Hydrochemical and Hydrographical Characteristics of the Distribution of Phosphorus in Lakes
Composition of organic phosphorus compounds
Composition of inorganic phosphorus compounds
Vertical distribution of inorganic phosphorus during the summer stagnation in lakes of different types
Annual dynamics of the total and inorganic phosphorus in eutrophic lakes
Role of Microorganisms in the Phosphorus Cycle of Lakes
Mineralization of organic phosphorus compounds
Dissolution of iron phosphates precipitated in the silt
Dissolution of calcium phosphates
Binding of inorganic phosphorus
Biological oxidation and reduction of phosphorus
Mechanism of the Phosphorus Cycle in Lakes
Deposition of Calcium Carbonate in Lakes
Conditions of the Deposition of Calcium Carbonate in Lake Silts
Role of Microorganisms in the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate
Formation of calcite by microorganisms in laboratory conditions
Role of microorganisms in the formation of calcium carbonate sediments in nature
Scheme of the Calcium Cycle of Lakes
Conclusion
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