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The Empress EugÉnie, wife of Napoleon III and one of the most beautiful women ever to grace a throne, was the victim of her own inconstant mind. A daughter of an aristocratic Spanish family, she had a natural reverence for legitimate monarchy; yet her high-spirited temperament and chivalric outlook made her admire instinctively the boldness and aura of glory that she associated with the Napoleonic empire. The incongruous principles of Legitimism and Bonapartism battling within the Empress produced in her a double-mindedness that had tragic consequences.
The Empress has always been a controversial figure. Her enemies have blamed her the fall of the Second Empire and the defeat of France; her admirers have disclaimed for her any part in the mistakes that led to the disastrous Franco-Prussian War of 1870. To determine the actual role that EugÉnie played, Barker, using material from public and private European archives and a wide range of published works, examines in Distaff Diplomacy the development of the Empress' views on foreign affairs and ascertains their effect on the formation of the policies of the Second Empire.
EugÉnie's influence fluctuated widely over the years. As a bride she was neither interested in nor knowledgable about foreign matters; as a middle-aged woman, in the late years of the Empire, she was discredited by her past errors, but she continued to pull strings outside of normal diplomatic channels. Her most sustained and effective work, from 1861 to 1863, was largely the inspiration for a grand design to remake the map to assure French hegemony in Europe and to establish an empire in Mexico. The success of this design rested on an Austro-French alliance; but the design itself, reflecting the Empress' incoherent thinking, contained the fatal inconsistencies that made Austrian rejection of it inevitable. Since the Mexican expedition and the diplomatic muddle of 1863 were the watershed from which the subsequent troubles of the Empire flowed, the Empress must be held responsible for seriously undermining the foreign policy of the Empire. Despite EugÉnie's many fine qualities-her generosity of spirit, her splendid courage, and her moral integrity-her diplomatic efforts, affected as they were by her background, temperament, state of health, and changing moods, did not amount to statesmanship. This first systematic examination of the Empress' influence on foreign policy delves deeply and carefully into the subject.
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations Used in the Footnotes
I. FROM COUNTESS TO EMPRESS: "La Montijo Triomphe"
A MÉsalliance?
The Eastern Question
Eyes across the Pyrenees
The Beginning of Trouble with Rome
II. THE ITALIAN WAR : An Apprentice in Revolt
Orsini and the Empress' Italian Phase
"Our Cause is Good ..."
Madame la RÉgente
In Defense of Altar-
-And Throne
III. THE COLD WAR of 1859-1861: The Triumph of the "Italianissimes"
The Argument over the Preliminaries of Villafranca
"The Battle of CompiÈgne"
"The Pope and the Congress"
Complications at Home
Annexation of Nice and Savoy: An Idyllic Interlude
Frustration and Flight
Revolution Prevails
IV. THE GRAND DESIGN: Italy, Mexico, and Poland, 1861-1863
Reversing the Revolutionary Trend
The Origin of the Mexican Venture
The Roman Question: A Trial of Strength
The Fall of Thouvenel
The Polish Revolt: A Marriage of Inclination?
V. EMPIRE IN THE DOLDRUMS : The Loss of Hegemony, 1863-1866
A Woman Scorned
Reactions and Reprisals: Rome-
-And Mexico
Prewar Diplomacy-Picking a Loser
VI. AFTER SADOWA : "The Beginning of the End of the Dynasty"
The Impact of Sadowa
The Forage for Compensations
Political Limbo
The Roman Question Again
Realignments and Reappraisals
VII. A TIME TO SPEAK : "II Faut en Finir"
In Quest of Allies
Fall of the Vice Emperor
Revolution in Spain
The Hohenzollern Candidacy for the Spanish Throne
Premature Exultation
The Demand for Guarantees
The Declaration of War
VIII. A HOUSE DIVIDED
Appendix: Metternich to Rechberg, February 22, 1863
Bibliography
Index
