Full Description
An essential, comprehensive guide for all who are interested in learning the Portuguese language and mastering its complexities, Portuguese: A Reference Manual supplements the phonetic and grammatical explanations offered in basic textbooks. While the Manual focuses on Brazilian Portuguese, it incorporates European Portuguese variants and thus provides a more complete description of the language. Accessible to non-linguists and novice language learners, as well as informative for instructors of Portuguese and specialists in other languages, this guide incorporates the Orthographic Accord (in effect since 2009-2010), which attempts to standardize Portuguese orthography.
The Manual reflects the language as it is currently taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels by providing detailed explanations of the sound and writing systems and the grammar of the principal Portuguese dialects. A reference guide rather than a textbook, the Manual also provides extensive verb charts, as well as comparisons of Portuguese with English and Spanish.
Contents
The Portuguese-Speaking World
Preface and Acknowledgements
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Diacritical Marks
Phonetic Symbols
Linguistic and Grammatical Terms in English and Portuguese
Definitions of Linguistic and Grammatical Terms
Orthographic Reforms
Sound System
Oral Vowels
Oral Diphthongs
Nasal Vowels
Nasal Diphthongs
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Vowels and Diphthongs
Consonants
Writing System and Accentuation
Alphabet
Letters Used to Transcribe Portuguese Sounds
Capitalization
Punctuation Marks and Commonly Used Typographic Symbols
Diacritical Marks
Syllables and Word Division
Stress and Accentuation
Words Stressed on the Second-to-Last Syllable (Proparoxytones)
Words Stressed on the Next-to-Last Syllable (Paroxytones)
Words Stressed on the Last Syllable (Oxytones)
Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates
Cognates
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Sounds and Letters
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Sounds and Letters
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Prefixes
Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Suffixes
Differences in Stress between Portuguese and Spanish Cognates
True, Partial, and False Cognates
Grammatical Categories
Articles
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Contractions of Prepositions with Articles
Nouns and Adjectives
Adjectives
Plural of Nouns and Adjectives
Gender of Nouns and Adjectives
Differences in Gender between Portuguese and Spanish Noun Cognates
Placement of Adjectives with Nouns
Diminutives and Augmentatives
Numbers and Numerals
Adverbs
Comparatives and Superlatives
Comparisons of Equality
Comparisons of Superiority and Inferiority
Relative Superlatives
Absolute Superlatives
Personal Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Forms of Address
Prepositional Pronouns and Contractions with Prepositions
Direct Object Pronouns
Indirect Object Pronouns
Placement of Object Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Contractions of Prepositions with Demonstratives
Relative Words
Interrogative Words
Affirmative, Negative, and Indefinite Words
Prepositions
Verbs and Corresponding Prepositions
Conjunctions
Verbs
Impersonal and Personal Infinitive
Past Participle and Compound Tenses and Forms
Passive Voice
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
Forms
Uses
Present Perfect Tense
Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Tense
Forms
Uses
Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Tense
Forms
Uses
Preterite versus Imperfect
Simple and Compound Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense
Future Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Conditional Tense
Conditional Perfect Tense
Subjunctive Mood
Present Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Past (Imperfect) Tense
Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense
Future Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses
Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences
Subjunctive in Common Expressions
Present Participle and Progressive Tenses and Forms
Imperative Mood
Impersonal Verbs and Expressions
Verbs That Take an Indirect Object without a Direct Object
Ser versus Estar
Ficar
Ter and Haver
Haver and Fazer in Expressions of Time
Acabar
Saber versus Conhecer
Verb and Other Grammar Charts
Regular Verbs: Derivation of Tenses and Forms
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Verb Tenses and Forms
Present Indicative
Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Indicative
Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Indicative
Simple Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Indicative
Future Indicative
Conditional
Present Subjunctive
Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive
Future Subjunctive
Personal Infinitive
Past Participle
Compound Tenses
Present Participle and Progressive Tenses
Imperative (Command Forms)
Verbs and Expressions That Require the Subjunctive
Personal Pronouns and Possessives
Contractions of Direct with Indirect Object Pronouns
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns, and Contractions
Contractions of Prepositions
Relative Words
Interrogative Words
Affirmative and Negative Words
Indefinite Words
Irregular Comparatives and Relative Superlatives
"Synthetic" Absolute Superlative Adjectives
Adverbs and Adverb Phrases
Prepositions
Verb List
Works Consulted
Reference Works
Textbooks
Index of Topics
Index of Portuguese Words and Phrases
