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Bloodier than Verdun, the battles for Fortress Przemyśl were pivotal to victory on the Eastern Front during the early years of World War I. Control of the fortress changed hands three times during the fall of 1914. In 1915, the Austro-Hungarian armies launched three major offensives to penetrate the Russian encirclement and relieve the 120,000 trapped in the besieged fortress. Drawing on myriad sources, historian Graydon A. Tunstall tells of the impossible conditions facing the garrison: starvation, "horse-meat" diets, deplorable medical care, prostitution, alcoholism, dismal morale, and a failed breakout attempt. By the time the fortress finally fell to the Russians on March 22, 1915, the Hapsburg Army had sustained 800,000 casualties; the Russians, over a million. The fortress, however, had served its purpose. Tunstall argues that the besieged garrison kept the Russian army from advancing farther and obliterating the already weakening Austro-Hungarian forces at the outset of the War to End All Wars.
Contents
List of Maps
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction: Fortress Przemyśl
2. The Opening Battles, August-September 1914
3. Siege and Liberation, October 1914
4. The Second Siege, November 1914
5. Limanova-Lapanov and Defeat, December 1914
6. The First Two Carpathian Mountain Offensives, January to Mid-March 1915
7. The Third Carpathian Mountain Offensive, Early March 1915
8. Breakout Attempt and Surrender of the Fortress, March 1915
9. Gorlice-Tarnov and After
10. Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index
