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Full Description
For courses in critical thinking and argument, and in any course requiring critical thinking skills. The definitive and concise guide to thinking critically. Used in a variety of courses in various disciplines, Asking the Right Questions helps students bridge the gap between simply memorizing or blindly accepting information, and the greater challenge of critical analysis and synthesis. Specifically, this concise text teaches students to think critically by exploring the components of arguments--issues, conclusions, reasons, evidence, assumptions, language--and on how to spot fallacies and manipulations and obstacles to critical thinking. It teaches them to respond to alternative points of view and develop a solid foundation for making personal choices about what to accept and what to reject.
Contents
PrefaceChapter 1QuestionsIntroductionCritical Thinking to the RescueThe Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative Thinking StylesAn Example of the Panning-for-Gold ApproachPanning for Gold: Asking Critical QuestionsThe Myth of the ﾂ Right Answerﾂ The Usefulness of Asking the Question, ﾂ Who Cares?ﾂ Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical ThinkingThe Satisfaction of Using the Panning-for-Gold ApproachEffective Communication and Critical ThinkingThe Importance of PracticeThe Right QuestionsChapter 2: Critical Thinking Is a Social ActivityValues and Other PeopleThe Primary Values of a Critical ThinkerThinking and FeelingsKeeping the Conversation GoingAvoiding the Dangers of GroupthinkChapter 3: What Are the Issue and the Conclusion?Kinds of IssuesSearching for the IssueSearching for the Authorﾂ s or Speakerﾂ s ConclusionClues to Discovery: How to Find the ConclusionCritical Thinking and Your Own Writing and SpeakingPractice ExercisesChapter 4: What Are the Reasons?Reasons + Conclusion = ArgumentInitiating the Questioning ProcessWords That Identify ReasonsKinds of ReasonsKeeping the Reasons and Conclusions StraightCritical Thinking and Your Own Writing and SpeakingPractice ExercisesChapter 5: What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous?The Confusing Flexibility of WordsLocating Key Terms and PhrasesChecking for AmbiguityDetermining AmbiguityContext and AmbiguityAmbiguity, Definitions, and the DictionaryAmbiguity and Loaded LanguageLimits of Your Responsibility to Clarify AmbiguityAmbiguity and Your Own Writing and SpeakingSummaryPractice ExercisesChapter 6: What Are the Value and Descriptive Assumptions?General Guide for Identifying AssumptionsValue Conflicts and AssumptionsDiscovering ValuesFrom Values to Value AssumptionsTypical Value ConflictsThe Communicatorﾂ s Background as a Clue to Value AssumptionsConsequences as Clues to Value AssumptionsMore Hints for Finding Value AssumptionsAvoiding a Typical Difficulty When Identifying Value AssumptionsFinding Value Assumptions on Your OwnValues and RelativismIdentifying and Evaluating Descriptive AssumptionsIllustrating Descriptive AssumptionsUsing this Critical QuestionClues for Locating AssumptionsAvoiding Analysis of Trivial AssumptionsAssumptions and Your Own Writing and SpeakingSummaryPractice ExercisesChapter 7: Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning?A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning FallaciesEvaluating Assumptions as a Starting PointDiscovering Other Common Reasoning FallaciesLooking for DiversionsSleight of Hand: Begging the QuestionSummary of Reasoning ErrorsExpanding Your Knowledge of FallaciesFallacies and Your Own Writing and SpeakingPractice ExercisesChapter 8: How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal Experience, Testimonials, and Appeals to Authority?The Need for EvidenceLocating Factual ClaimsSources of EvidenceIntuition as EvidenceDangers of Appealing to Personal Experience as EvidencePersonal Testimonials as EvidenceAppeals to Authority as EvidenceSummaryPractice ExercisesChapter 9: How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research Studies, Case Examples, and Analogies?Personal ObservationResearch Studies as EvidenceGeneralizing from the Research SampleBiased Surveys and QuestionnairesCritical Evaluation of a Research-Based ArgumentCase Examples as EvidenceAnalogies as EvidenceSummaryChapter 10 Are There Rival Causes?When to Look for Rival CausesThe Pervasiveness of Rival CausesDetecting Rival CausesThe Cause or A CauseRival Causes and Scientific ResearchRival Causes for Differences Between GroupsConfusing Causation with AssociationConfusing ﾂ After thisﾂ with ﾂ Because of thisﾂ Explaining Individual Events or ActsEvaluating Rival CausesEvidence and Your Own Writing and SpeakingSummaryPractice ExercisesChapter 11: Are the Statistics Deceptive?Unknowable and Biased StatisticsConfusing AveragesConcluding One Thing, Proving AnotherDeceiving by Omitting InformationRisk Statistics and Omitted InformationSummaryPractice ExercisesChapter 12: What Significant Information Is Omitted?The Benefits of Detecting Omitted InformationThe Certainty of Incomplete ReasoningQuestions that Identify Omitted InformationThe Importance of the Negative ViewOmitted Information That Remains MissingMissing Information and Your Own Writing and Speaking Practice ExercisesChapter 13: What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible?Assumptions and Multiple ConclusionsDichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering Multiple ConclusionsTwo Sides or Many?Searching for Multiple ConclusionsProductivity of If-ClausesAlternative Solutions as ConclusionsThe Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative ConclusionsAll Conclusions Are Not Created EqualSummaryPractice ExercisesChapter 14: Overcoming Obstacles to Critical thinkingOvercoming Obstacles to Critical ThinkingReviewing Famnilair Obstacles%RR Reviewing Familiar ObstaclesMental habits that Betray UsThe Seductive Quality of Personal ExperienceBelief in a Just WorldStereotypesThe Urge to SimplifyBelief PerseveranceAvailability HeuristicWishful ThinkingFinal WordIndex
