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Voices of a Nation: A History of Mass Media in the United States presents a cultural interpretation of the history of both traditional and nontraditional media, emphasizing that minority as well as mainstream media have impacted American history. Voices of a Nation sets media history in the context of overall historical events and themes and tries to understand the role of media in a democratic society at varied historical points. Organized chronologically, the text recognizes the significant "voices" of such non-traditional media as suffrage newspapers, ethnic newspapers, and cultural movement papers and magazines.
Contents
Contents
Preface
Part 1 Media in Early America
Chapter 1 Crossing the Atlantic
Printing Revolution as a Catalyst for Social Change
Prior Restraint in England: Publishing Precedent
Licensing Challenge by Books and Newspapers
British America
Definitions of News
Diffusion of News
Publishing-A Commercial Enterprise
Conclusion
Chapter 2 Resistance and Liberty
Resistance Personified: The Zenger Trial
Bradford as Forerunner
The New York Journal
The Zenger Trial
After Zenger
Colonial Resistance to Economic Policy
The Stamp Act
Economic Resistance Turns Political
The Boston Gazette as Radical Rag
Letters from a Farmer: Serial Essays
Journal of Occurrences: Fact or Fiction?
News of Congress and of War
Congressional Proceedings Secret
News of War Spreads through Colonies
Declaration of Independence
Public Opinion and Freedom of Expression
Newspapers and Political Pamphlets: Relative Merits
Newspapers for a Continent
The Significance of Circulations
Recording Early History: Isaiah Thomas
Conclusion
Chapter 3 Forming a New Nation
Constitutional Politics and the Press
The Fight for Ratification: Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
The Bill of Rights: Congress Shall Make No Law
Enlightenment Philosophy and the Bill of Rights
Evolution of the Commercial Press
Information Demand and Developing Dailies
Political Press and National Politics
Federalist Newspapers
Jeffersonian (Republican) Newspapers
Lingering Legacy of Seditious Libel
Conclusion
Chapter 4 Diversity in the Early Republic
Newspapers and an Informed Public
Modernization and the Postal Dilemma
Continuing Political Tradition
Foreign-Language Press and Diverse Ethnic Backgrounds
Labor Press
Native-American Press Responds to European Settlement
African-American Newspapers as a Response to White Society
Magazines
The Struggle to Circulate 000
The New-York Magazine; or, Literary Repository
The Port Folio
Book Publishing as a Challenge to Cultural Norms
Technology, Production, and Labor
Relationship to Religion and Values
Conclusion
Chapter 5 Penny Papers in the Metropolis
Characteristics of the Penny Press
Advertising: Buyer Beware
Continuity and Change in the Early Nineteenth Century
The New York Leaders
Benjamin Day and the New York Sun
James Gordon Bennett and the New York Herald
Reasons for Development
Conclusion
Part 2 Media in an Expanding Nation
Chapter 6 Expansion Unifies and Divides
Transportation and Communication
Postal Express
Technology and Communications
Telegraph: Technological and Cultural Change
Communication and the Movement Westward
Mexican War: Of Words and Images
Frontier Newspapers
Oral Culture and the Lecture Circuit
Evolution of the Penny Press
Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune
Henry Jarvis Raymond and the New York Times
Chicago Tribune
Press Development in the Antebellum South
The Richmond Enquirer and the Southern Partisan Press
Conclusion
Chapter 7 Communication Issues in the Antislavery Movement and the Civil War
The Abolitionist Movement: Printed Products in an Age of Change
William Lloyd Garrison: Radical Mission
Elijah Lovejoy: The Link between Abolition and Civil Rights
Frederick Douglass and the Black Press
Iconography: Persuasive Visuals
Women, Voice, and Pen in the Antislavery Movement
Uncle Tom's Cabin: Slavery and the Popular Culture
Restrictions on Publishing
The Civil War
Reporters and the War
Press in the North
The Confederate Press
Censorship in the North
Censorship in the South
Photography and Pictorial Illustration
Conclusion
Chapter 8 Modernization and Printed Products
A Magazine Revolution
Quality Monthlies as Preservers of the Old Order
Challenge of Modernization
Manufacturing/National Distribution Networks
Newspapers as Reflections of Urbanization
Dime Novels and Story Papers
Photographs: Question of Technology and Culture
Associated Press: Wire Service Monopoly
Pleas for Equality and Progress
Lynching in the Late Nineteenth Century
Flourishing African-American Press
Editors and Modernization
More Modernity: Lightbulbs and Telephones
Conclusion
Chapter 9 Mass Markets and Mass Culture
Advertising and Mass Culture
Magazines as Vehicles for Advertising
Mass Press for a Mass Audience
The Debate over Information and Sensation
Information and Municipal Reform: Concepts of Urban Community
Sensation in the Urban Press
Business Promotes Itself
Professionalization and Exclusion
Development of Exclusive Press Clubs
Critique of the Press
Conclusion
Chapter 10 Reform Is My Religion
Impact of Immigration on Society and Publications
Chicago Press and the "Melting Pot"
The Suffragist Press
The Beginnings
The Second Wave: Unity, Diversity, and Growth
Voices of the Suffragist Press
Black Press at the Turn of the Century
Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee Machine
Opposition to Accommodation
Agrarian Press and the Lecture Circuit
Purpose
From Lecture to Newspaper
Political Hacks or Journalists?
Agrarian Publications
Conclusion
Part 3 Media in a Modern World
Chapter 11 Progressivism and World War I
Mass-Market Muckraking
McClure's
"Will Irwin and "The American Newspaper"
Munsey's Magazine
Newspapers in the Early Twentieth Century
Advertising and Circulation
Big Business and Big Power
Reform Legislation
Newspapers and Social Reform
Control of Information during the War
Restrictive Legislation and "Discovering" the First Amendment
Postal Control and the Milwaukee Leader
Propaganda and the Committee on Public Information
Media Reaction to the War
Walter Lippmann and the Noble Cause
Metropolitan Newspapers and the Status Quo
A Challenge to the Existing Order
Correspondents at the Front
Marguerite Harrison: Correspondent, Spy
Electronic Media's Debut
Government and Industry Participation
Going to the Movies
Conclusion
Chapter 12 Media and Consumer Culture
Radio: What Have They Done with My Child?
Technology Breaks Regional Barriers
Government and Industry Partnership
Newsreels: Facts and Fakery
"March of Time"
Going to the Movies
Advertising and Consumer Culture
From Space to Agency Service
Ethics and Regulation
Persuasive Strategies
Public Relations: A Corporate Necessity
The 1920s Newspaper and Nationalization
Chains and Conglomerates
Content
National Advertising
Tabloids
The Black Press
Novels and Pulps
Conclusion
Chapter 13 Depression and Disillusion
The Documentary Tradition
Interpretation in the Daily Press
News Magazines as Journalism of Synthesis
Radio News
Criticism and Alternatives
Media Content as Entertainment
Radio and Popular Culture
Media and Government
The Newspaper Industry
Presidents and the Press
The First Lady and Women in the Press
Photojournalism
Life
Margaret Bourke-White
Conclusion
Chapter 14 Images of War
A Radio War
The Wire Services and the War
Media Play Multiple Roles
Correspondents and Costs
Columnists and Cartoonists
Photography Depicts Two Views of Japanese Internment
Coverage of Nazi Concentration Camps
Media and Government
Censorship
The Press and Race in the 1950s and 1960s
Accountability and Freedom
Television Technology Emerges from the Wings
Technology and Programming
Black Press Reflects Increased Consumer Power
Growth of Black Dailies
Johnson and Ebony-Magazines for the Middle Class
Conclusion
Part 3 Corporate Power and Globalization
Chapter 15 Electronic Images in a Cold War
Media Compete for Audiences and Advertising
Radio in Transition
Television Moves from New York to Hollywood
Media and the Advertising Industry
Advertising and Television
Media and Public Relations: The Image of Business
Corporate Public Relations: Image Control
Professionalization and Expansion
Media, Government, and Politics
The Federal Communications Commission
The House Un-American Activities Committee
Television Goes to the Elections
A Few Lonely Voices of Dissent
"Izzy" Stone
Conclusion
Chapter 16 Affluence and Activism: The Angry 1960s
At Home and Abroad: The Big Stories
Civil Rights
Covering Vietnam
Electronic Media and the Global Village
Satellite Development and the Global Village
Questions of Media Monopoly, Regulation, and Technology
Minow and Television as a "Vast Wasteland"
Public Broadcasting as an Alternative
Newspaper Consolidation and Profits
Cultural Change in the Newsrooms
Changes in the Rank and File
Government and the Press
New York Times v. Sullivan
The Pentagon Papers Case
Watergate and the News Media
Credibility and Ethics
National News Council
Ombudsmen
Codes of Ethics
Language of 1960s Journalism
New Nonfiction
Magazines: Death or Specialization
Circulation Leaders
The Aged Endure
The New Emerge and Last
Conclusion
Chapter 17 News as a Corporate Enterprise
Corporate and Public Ownership
Corporate Ownership of Newspapers
Deregulation and the FCC
Fairness Doctrine Abandoned
New Technology: Networks in Decline
Technologies of the 1980s
Cable: Shift of Power
Media Technology Devices
Computers and an Information Society
The Microcomputer
Information via the Internet
Government News Management in Modern War
Press Pools, the Persian Gulf, and Panama
Management of Special-Interest News
The Exxon Valdez-Public Relations Disaster
Politics and Public Relations
Changing News Agenda for Newspapers
USA Today
Conclusion
Chapter 18 New Technologies, Globalization, and Wars on Terror and the News Media
The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks
The Comparison to Pearl Harbor
Media Convergence
Creating AOL Time Warner
Journalism and Convergence
Napster, MP3, and the Courts
Consequences of Media Consolidation
Television, Politics and Democracy
The Media and the Election of 2000
The Election of 2004
Pulling Teeth from the Watchdog?
Conclusion
Index
