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Full Description
For one semester or quarter courses in World Prehistory. Written by one of the leading archaeological writers in the world -- in a simple, jargon-free narrative style -- this brief, well-illustrated account of the major developments in the human past makes world prehistory uniquely accessible to complete beginners. Written by Brian Fagan, World Prehistory covers the entire world, not just the Americas or Europe, and places major emphasis on both theories and the latest archaeological and multidisciplinary approaches. His focus is on four major developments in world prehistory: 1) The origins of humanity. 2) The appearance and spread of modern humans before and during the late Ice Age- including the first settlement of the Americas. 3) The beginnings of food production. 4) The rise of the first civilizations.
Contents
PART I Prehistory Chapter 1 Introducing World Prehistory PART II The World of the First Humans Chapter 2 Human Origins Chapter 3 African Exodus PART III The Birth of the Modern World Chapter 4 Diaspora Chapter 5 The Origins of Food Production Chapter 6 The Earliest Farmers Chapter 7 Chiefs and Chiefdoms PART IV Early Civilizations Chapter 8 State-Organized Societies Chapter 9 Mesopotamia and the Eastern Mediterranean World Chapter 10 Egypt and Africa Chapter 11 South, Southeast, and East Asia Chapter 12 Lowland Mesoamerica Chapter 13 Highland MesoamericaChapter 14 Andean Civilizations Detailed Table of Contents Preface A Note on Chronologies and Measurements About the Author PART I PREHISTORY 1. Introducing World PrehistoryPrologue"In the Beginning"Pseudoarchaeology Prehistory, Archaeology, and World Prehistory Major Developments in Human Prehistory Cyclical and Linear Time Written Records, Oral History, and Archaeology Studying World Prehistory Culture Culture History, Time and Space, and "The Myth of the Ethnographic Present" Context Time Space Analogy and the "Ethnographic Present" SCIENCE: DATING THE PAST Cultural Process and Past Lifeways The Mechanisms of Culture Change Culture as Adaptation SCIENCE: ANCIENT SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Cultural Traditions and Cultural Change Intangibles: Ideology and Interaction Ideology and Beliefs Human Origins Prologue The Great Ice Age (1.8 million to 15,000 years ago) Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation The Order Primates "Coming Down from the Trees" The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (7 million to 1.5 million years ago) The Earliest Hominin? SCIENCE: POTASSIUM ARGON DATING What Is Australopithecus? Ardipithecus ramidus From Ardipithecus to Australopithecus All Kinds of Australopithecines (3 million to 2.5 million years ago) Gracile Australopithecines: Australopithecus africanus Robust Australopithecines: A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, and A. robustus Australopithecus garhi Early Homo: Homo habilis (2.5 million to 2 million years ago) A Burst of Rapid Change? Who Was the First Human?SITE: OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA The Earliest Human Toolmakers Hunters or Scavengers? The Earliest Human Mind The Development of Language The Earliest Social Organization Summary CHAPTER 3 African Exodus Prologue Ice Age Background Homo ergaster in Africa (c. 1.9 million to c. 600,000 years ago) Humans Radiate out of Africa Homo erectus in Europe and Asia The Lifeway of Homo erectus Archaic Human Lifeways SITE: SCHONINGEN, GERMANY Bamboo and Choppers in Tropical Forests Language Archaic Homo sapiens (c. 600,000 to 130,000 years ago) The Neanderthals (c. 200,000 to 30,000 years ago) SCIENCE: DNA AND ARCHAEOLOGY The Origins of Modern Humans (?c. 180,000 to 150,000 years ago) Continuity or Replacement? Molecular Biology and Homo sapiens Ecology and Homo sapiens Out of Tropical Africa Summary PART III THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN WORLD CHAPTER 4 Diaspora Prologue The Late Ice Age World (50,000 to 15,000 years ago) The Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (45,000 to 15,000 years ago) SITE: EXOTIC ISLANDERS: HOMO FLORESIENSIS SCIENCE: RADIOCARBON DATINGLate Ice Age Europe: The Cro-Magnons (c. 43,000 to 15,000 years ago) Subsistence Cro-Magnon Technology The World's First Art Hunter-Gatherers in Eurasia (45,000 to 15,000 years Sinodonty and Sundadonty Early Human Settlement of Northeast Siberia (?before 25,000 to 15,000 years ago) The First Americans (?before 15,000 years ago to 11,000 B.C.) Settlement before 30,000 Years Ago? SITE: MONTE VERDE, CHILE Settlement after 15,000 Years Ago? The Clovis People (c. 11,200 to 11,000 B.C.) Summary CHAPTER 5 The Origins of Food Production Prologue The Holocene (after 10,000 B.C.) Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Social Complexity among Hunter-Gatherers Theories of Farming Origins Early Theories: Oases and Hilly Flanks The Recovery Revolution Multicausal Theories SCIENCE: FLOTATION AND BOTANICAL REMAINS SCIENCE: ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY (AMS) RADIOCARBON DAT-ING Population and Resources Theories Ecological Theories The Consequences of Food Production Differing Dates and Why Changes in Human Life Nutrition and Early Food Production Summary CHAPTER 6 The Earliest Farmers Prologue Domesticating Animals Domesticating Wheat and Barley Southwest Asian Farmers (c. 10,000 to 5000 B.C.) SITE: MEN'S AND WOMEN'S WORK AT Egyptian and African Farmers (earlier than 7000 to 1000 B.C.) European Farmers (c. 6500 to 3000 B.C.) SITE: EASTON DOWN AND THE AVEBURY LANDSCAPE, ENGLAND Early Agriculture in Asia (before 6000 B.C.) Rice Cultivation in Southern China First Farmers in Northern China Early American Agriculture (8000 B.C. onward) Mesoamerica: Guila Naquitz and Early Cultivation Maize Andean Farmers Summary CHAPTER 7 Chiefs and Chiefdoms Prologue Reciprocity and "Big Men" Chiefs and Navigators in the Pacific (2000 B.C. to modern times) The American Southwest (300 B.C. to modern times) Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Pueblo SCIENCE: DENDROCHRONOLOGY (TREE-RING DATING) Moundbuilders in Eastern North America (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1650) Adena and Hopewell The Mississippian Tradition SITE: MOUNDVILLE, ALABAMA Summary PART IV EARLY CIVILIZATIONS CHAPTER 8 State-Organized Societies Prologue What Is a State-Organized Society? Cities Theories of the Origins of States The "Urban Revolution" Early Ecological Models Technology and Trade SCIENCE: OBSIDIAN SOURCING Warfare Cultural Systems and Civilization Environmental Change Social Approaches: Power in Three Domains Factionalism and Ideology People as Agents of Change The Collapse of Civilizations Summary CHAPTER 9 Mesopotamia and the Eastern Mediterranean World Prologue Origins (5500 to 3000 B.C.) SITE: THE TEMPLE AT ERIDU, IRAQ The First Cities: Uruk Writing and Metallurgy Sumerian Civilization (c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.) VOICES: THE SUMERIANSAkkadians and Babylonians (2334 to 1650 B.C.) Hittites and Sea Traders (1650 to 1200 B.C.) The Hittites Uluburun and Maritime Trade Iron Technology Minoans and Mycenaeans (1900 to 1200 B.C.) Minoan Civilization (1900 to 1400 B.C.) Mycenaean Civilization (1600 to 1200 B.C.) Sea Peoples and Phoenicians (1200 to 800 B.C.) Assyrians and Babylonians (900 to 539 B.C.) Summary CHAPTER 10 Egypt and AfricaPrologue Predynastic Egypt: Ancient Monopoly (5000 to 3100 B.C.) B.C.) Archaic Egypt and the "Great Culture" (3000 to 2575 B.C.) EGYPT Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 B.C.) New Kingdom (1530 to to 30 B.C.) Egypt and Afrocentrism Nubia: The Land of Kush (3000 to 633 B.C.) Meroe and Aksum Meroe (593 B.C. to A.D. 330) Aksum (A.D. 100 to 1000) Ancient African Kingdoms The Spread of Iron (c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 250) The Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay (c. A.D. 800 to 1550) Great Zimbabwe (A.D. 1100 to 1500) Summary CHAPTER 11 South, Southeast, and East Asia Prologue South Asia: The Harappan Civilization (c. 2700 to 1700 B.C.) Mature Harappan Civilization South Asia after the Harappans (1700 to 180 B.C.) The Origins of Chinese Civilization (2600 to 1100 B.C.) Royal Capitals Royal Burials Bronzeworking Shang Warriors The War Lords (1100 to 221 B.C.) Southeast Asian CHINA The Angkor State (A.D. 802 to 1430) SITE: ANGKOR WAT, CAMBODIA Summary CHAPTER 12 Lowland Mesoamerica Prologue Beginnings: Preclassic Peoples in the Lowlands (2000 B.C. to A.D. 300) The Olmec (1500 to 500 B.C.) Civilization (before 1000 B.C. to A.D. 300) San Bartolo, Nakbe, and El Mirador (c. 1000 to 300 B.C.) Kingship, Glyphs, and Political Cycles Maya Script Political Cycles Classic Maya Civilization (A.D. 300 to 900) The Rise of Tikal and Uaxactun Caracol and Calakmul Palenque Civilization (A.D. 900 to 1517) Summary CHAPTER 13 Highland Mesoamerica Prologue The Rise of Highland Civilization: The Valley of Oaxaca (2000 to 500 B.C.) Monte Alban (500 B.C. to A.D. 750) Valley of Mexico: Toltecs (A.D. 650 to 1200) Aztec Civilization (A.D. 1200 to 1521) The Spanish Conquest (A.D. 1517 to 1521) Summary CHAPTER 14 Andean Civilizations Prologue The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization Coastal Foundations (2600 to 900 B.C.) The Early Horizon and Chavin de Huantar (900 to 200 B.C.) The Initial Period The Coast (after 1800 B.C.) Lake Titicaca Basin: Chiripa and Pukara (1000 B.C. PERU The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari (A.D. 600 to 1000) Tiwanaku Wari The Late Intermediate Period: Sican and Chimu (A.D. 700 to 1460)The Late Horizon: The Inca State (A.D. 1476 to 1534) SITE: CUZCO, THE INCA CAPITAL The Spanish Conquest (A.D. 1532 to 1534) Summary Epilogue Glossary of Technical Terms Glossary of Archaeological Sites and Cultural Terms Guide to Further Reading References in the Text Photo Credits Index
