Full Description
In this book John A. Hawkins argues that major patterns of variation across languages are structured by general principles of efficiency in language use and communication. Evidence for these comes from languages permitting structural options from which selections are made in performance, e.g. between competing word orders and between relative clauses with a resumptive pronoun versus a gap. The preferences and patterns of performance within languages are reflected, he shows, in the fixed conventions and variation patterns across grammars, leading to a 'Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis'. Hawkins extends and updates the general theory that he laid out in Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars (OUP 2004): new areas of grammar and performance are discussed, new research findings are incorporated that test his earlier predictions, and new advances in the contributing fields of language processing, linguistic theory, historical linguistics, and typology are addressed. This efficiency approach to variation has far-reaching theoretical consequences relevant to many current issues in the language sciences. These include the notion of ease of processing and how to measure it, the role of processing in language change, the nature of language universals and their explanation, the theory of complexity, the relative strength of competing and cooperating principles, and the proper definition of fundamental grammatical notions such as 'dependency'. The book also offers a new typology of VO and OV languages and their correlating properties seen from this perspective, and a new typology of the noun phrase and of argument structure.
Contents
1. Language Variation and the Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis ; 2. Three General Efficiency Principles ; 3. Some Current Issues in Language Processing and the Performance-Grammar Relationship ; 4. The Conventionalization of Processing Efficiency ; 5. Word Order Patterns: Head Ordering and (Dis)harmony ; 6. The Typology of Noun Phrase Structure ; 7. Ten Differences between VO and OV Languages ; 8. Asymmetries between Arguments of the Verb ; 9. Multiple Factors in Performance and Grammars and their Interaction ; 10. Conclusions
