基本説明
Critically reviews the mechanisms of placebo and placebo-related effects across all medical conditions, deseases, and therapeutic interventions.
Full Description
The placebo effect is one of the most widely used and familiar terms within science and medicine, yet it is not always clear just what we mean by a placebo effect.Though we might describe a placebo effect as being 'all in the mind', we now know that there is a genuine neurobiological basis to this phenomenon. In recent years our knowledge of the neural bases of the placebo effect has developed markedly, and we now have a far better understanding of how it can influence both the course of a disease and the response to therapy. This is the first book to critically review the mechanisms of placebo and placebo-related effects across all medical conditions, diseases, and therapeutic interventions. It describes the main psychological and biological mechanisms of placebo responsiveness across the entire spectrum of medical disciplines. In addition, it looks at the clinical and ethical implications of administering placebos. Exhaustive in its coverage, and written by a world authority in the field, this is the definitive reference text to the placebo effect - one that will be essential for researchers and clinicians across a wide range of medical specialities.
Contents
1. The traditional concept of placebo ; 1.1 The origin of the placebo concept and methodology ; 1.2 The placebo in clinical trials and medical practice ; 2. A modern view of placebo and placebo-related effects ; 2.1 What they are not ; 2.2 What they are ; 2.3 How they work ; 2.4 Why they occur ; 3. Pain ; 3.1 Placebo analgesia ; 3.2 Nocebo hyperalgesia ; 4. Disorders of the nervous system ; 4.1 Parkinson's disease ; 4.2 Deep brain stimulation and emotional processing ; 4.3 Migraine ; 4.4 Sleep ; 4.5 Neurological disorders with a few or no available data ; 5. Mental and behavioural disorders ; 5.1 Depression ; 5.2 Anxiety ; 5.3 Dementia ; 5.4 Addiction ; 5.5 Psychotherapy ; 5.6 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder ; 5.7 Mental disorders with no available data ; 6. Immune and endocrine systems ; 6.1 Immunity and hormone secretion are subject to psychosocial influences ; 6.2 The immune system ; 6.3 The endocrine system ; 7. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems ; 7.1 The cardiovascular system ; 7.2 The respiratory system ; 8. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary disorders ; 8.1 Gastrointestinal disorders ; 8.2 Genitourinary disorders ; 9. Special medical conditions and therapeutic interventions ; 9.1 Oncology ; 9.2 Sports medicine and physiology ; 9.3 Surgery ; 9.4 Physical therapy ; 9.5 Alternative and complementary therapies ; 9.6 Patient-provider interaction ; 9.7 Other conditions with no available data ; 10. Clinical-ethical implications and applications ; 10.1 Assessing the effectiveness of new therapies ; 10.2 Harnessing placebo and placebo-related effects in the clinic ; 11. How to run a placebo study: a closer look into complex experimental designs ; 11.1 What are we looking for? ; 11.2 Many arms are better than two ; 11.3 Investigating sequence effects and learning ; 11.4 Comparing expected versus unexpected therapies
