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Full Description
The book describes in detail the protection principles of each element of the power system network. The details of relay design and relay setting have also been covered. Further, the book contains a wide coverage of digital/numerical relaying scheme. Besides the relays, the book covers detailed theories of circuit breaking phenomenon and the construction and working of switchgears.The book is pedagogically rich with detailed relay and circuit diagrams, numerous solved examples, review questions, multiple-choice questions, and numerical exercises in each chapter. At the end of the book, an additional chapter on recent developments in protective relays covers the application of AI techniques in protective relays and discusses the concept of synchronized phasor measurements, wide area protection, along with other important topics.
Contents
CHAPTER 1NON-UNIT PROTECTION; 1.5 PRIMARY AND BACK-UP PROTECTION; 1.6 HISTORICAL ELECTROMECHNICAL (ELECTROMAGNETIC) RELAYS; 1.7.1 THERMAL RELAYL (ELECTROMAGNETIC) RELAYS; 1.7.2 ATTRACTED ARMATURE RELAY; 1.7. 3INDUCTION RELAYS; 1.7.3.1 INDUCTION DISC RELAY; 1.7.3.2 INDUCTION CUP RELAY; 1.7.4 BALANCE BEAM RELAY; 1.7.5 UNIVERSAL TORQUE EQUATION; 1.8 SOLID STATE RELAYS; 1.8.1 INTRODUCTION; 1.8.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN STATIC AND ELECTROMECHANICAL TIME-OVERCURRENT RELAYS; 1.9 DIGITAL RELAYING; 1.9.1 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF SAMPLING AND DATA WINDOW; 1.10 ADAPTIVE RELAYING; 1.11 TRIPPING MECHANISM OF RELAY; 1.12 DIFFERENT RELAY ALGORITHMS; 1.12.1 ALGORITHMS ASSUMING PURE SIGNALS; 1.12.3.1 FOURIER ANALYSIS BASED ALGORITHM; 1.12.3.2 WALSH FUNCTION TECHNIQUE; 1.12.3.3 LEAST ERROR SQUARE TECHNIQUE; 1.13 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 2: CURRENT BASED RELAYING SCHEME FOR TRANSMISSION LINE; 2.1 INTRODUCTION; 2.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF 2.3.1 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY; 2.3.2 DEFINITE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY; 2.3.3 INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY; 2.3.4 INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME CHARACTERISTICS; 2.4.1 INSTANTANEOUS RELAYS; 2.4.2 DEFINITE TIME RELAYS; 2.4.3 INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS; 2.5 PHASE AND GROUND RELAYS; 2.5.1 PROTECTION RELAYS; 2.6.2 DIRECTIONAL RELAY CHARACTERISTICS; 2.6.3 POLARIZING QUANTITY; 2.6.4 DIRECTIONAL GROUND-FAULT RELAYS; 2.6.5 DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME FOR A TRANSMISSION LINE (67); 2.7 MODERN DIGITAL/NUMERICAL OVERCURRENT & EARTH FAULT RELAY; 2.8 OVER CURRENT RELAY EXAMPLES; 2.10 SUMMERY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; UNSOLVED EXAMPLE; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 3: PILOT INDEPENDENT DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME; 3.1 INTRODUCTION; 3.2 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION; 3.3 DISTANCE PROTECTION; 3.3.1 FAULT DISTANCE MEASUREMENT; 3.3.2 STEPPED DISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS; 3.4 VOLTAGE CONNECTIONS; 3.6.1 CONNECTION FOR PHASE-FAULT RELAYS; 3.6.2 CONNECTION FOR EARTH-FAULT RELAYS; 3.7 DISTANCE PROTECTION USING STATIC COMPARATORS; 3.7.1 COMPARATOR FOR IMPEDANCE RELAY; 3.8 PROBLEMS & REMEDIES IN DISTANCE PROTECTION; 3.8.1 CLOSE-IN FAULT; 3.8.2 FAULT RESISTANCE; 3.8.3 REMOTE INFEED; 3.8.4 MUTUAL COUPLING; 3.8.5 SERIES COMPENSATED TRANSMISSION LINES; 3.8.6 POWER SWING; 3.8.7 OVERLOAD; 3.8.8 TRANSIENT CONDITION; 3.9 DISTANCE RELAY; 3.11 DIGITAL DISTANCE RELAYING SCHEME; 3.12 SUMMERY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; EXAMPLES; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 4: PILOT RELAYING SCHEME FOR TRANSMISSION LINE; 4.1 INTRODUCTION; 4.2 PILOT PROTECTION SCHEME; 4.4.1 CIRCULATING CURRENT BASED WIRE PLOT RELAYING SCHEME; 4.4.2 VOLTAGE BALANCE TYPE WIRE PILOT RELAYING SCHEME; 4.5 CARRIER CURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME; 4.5.1 PHASE COMPARISON SCHEME; 4.5.2 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON SCHEME; 4.6 BLOCKING AND UNBLOCKING CARRIER AIDED DISTANCE SCHEME; 4.6.1 CARRIER BLOCKING SCHEME; 4.6.2 CARRIER UNBLOCKING SCHEME; 4.7 TRANSFER TRIPPING CARRIER AIDED DISTANCE SCHEME; 4.7.1 UNDER REACH TRANSFER TRIPPING SCHEME; 4.7.2 OVER REACH TRANSFER TRIPPING SCHEME; 4.8 SUMMERY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 5: GENERATOR PROTECTION; 5.1 INTRODUCTION; 5.2 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.1 MERTZ-PRICE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.2 HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.3 BIASED PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 5.2.4 RELAY SETTING; 5.3 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION; 5.3.1 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION FOR LOW IMPEDANCE GROUNDING; 5.3.2 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE GROUNDING; PROTECTION; 5.9 REVERSE POWER PROTECTION; 5.10 ABNORMAL FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE PROTECTION; 5.10.1 OVER FREQUENCY PROTECTION; 5.10.2 UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION; 5.10.3 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION; 5.10.4 UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION; 5.10.5 VOLTAGE DEPENDANT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION; 5.10.6 NEUTRAL VOLTAGE DISPLACEMENT PROTECTION; 5.10.7 PROTECTION AGAINST UNINTENTIONAL ENERGIZATION AT STANDSTILL; 5.10.8 THERMAL PROTECTION USING RTD; 5.11 NUMERICAL PROTECTION SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; EXAMPLES; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 6: TRANSFORMER PROTECTION; 6.1 INTRODUCTION; 6.2 ABNORMAL CONDITION IN TRANSFORMER; 6.2.1 MAGNETIZING INRUSH; 6.2.2 OVER FLUXING; 6.2.3 LOW OIL RELAY; 6.3.2 SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY (SPR); 6.3.3 OIL AND WINDING TEMPERATURE RELAY; 6.4 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION; 6.4.1 OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH HRU SUPPLEMENT; 6.5 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION; 6.6 INTER-TURN FAULT; 6.7 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 6.7.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSFORMER MAGNETIZING INRUSH CONDITIONS; 6.7.2.1 TIME DELAY; 6.7.2.2 HARMONICS INDUCTION MOTOR PROTECTION; 7.1 INTRODUCTION; 7.2 FAULTS/ABNORMAL CONDITIONS OVERLOAD PROTECTION (49); 7.3.2 PROTECTION AGAINST UNBALANCE CURRENTS (46); 7.3.3 PROTECTION AGAINST PHASE REVERSAL; 7.3.4 PHASE FAULT PROTECTION (87); 7.3.5 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (50N); 7.3.6 STALLING PROTECTION (LOCKED ROTOR) CHOICE QUESTIONS; UNSOLVED EXAMPLE; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 8: PROTECTION OF BUSBAR; 8.1 INTRODUCTION; 8.2 BUSBAR ARRANGEMENTS; 8.2.1 SINGLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT; 8.2.2 SINGLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT WITH SECTIONALIZE; 8.2.3 MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT; 8.2.4 DOUBLE BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT; 8.2.5 ONE AND HALF BREAKER ARRANGEMENT; 8.3 BUSBAR FAULTS AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENT; SATURATION; 8.4.3 RATIO MISMATCH; 8.4.4 REMEDIES; 8.5 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSBAR PROTECTION SCHEMES; 8.5.1 DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON PROTECTION SCHEME; 8.5.2 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME; 8.5.2.1 CIRCULATING CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 8.5.2.2 BIASED PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 8.5.3 HIGH IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION; 8.5.4 PROTECTION USING DECENTRALIZED BUSBAR PROTECTION; 8.6.2 CENTRALIZED BUSBAR PROTECTION; 8.7 EXERCISE; SUMMARY; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCE; CHAPTER 9: CURRENT AND POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER FOR RELAYING SCHEMES; 9.1 INTRODUCTION; 9.2 (EXCITATION) CURVES; 9.3.3 CT SATURATION CHARACTERISTIC; 9.3.4 CT BURDEN; TYPE PT; 9.4.2 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT); 9.4.2.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CVT; 9.4.2.2 CVT TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND FERRO RESONANCE; 9.5 PT; 9.6 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 10: PROTECTION AGAINST TRANSIENTS AND SURGES; 10.1 INTRODUCTION; 10.2 SOURCES OF GROUND; 10.2.6 LIGHTNING STROKES; 10.3 OVERVOLTAGE PHENOMENON DUE TO LIGHTNING AND SWITCHING; 10.3.1 SURGES AND TRAVELLING WAVES; 10.3.2 WAVE GROUNDING; 10.4.2.2 RESISTANCE GROUNDING; 10.4.2.3 REACTANCE GROUNDING; 10.4.2.4 RESONANT GROUNDING; 10.4.3 GROUNDING PRACTICES; 10.5 PROTECTION AGAINST TRANSIENTS AND SURGES; 10.5.1 PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING; 10.5.1.1 EARTHING SCREEN (OVERHEAD SHIELDING); 10.5.1.2 OVERHEAD GROUND WIRES; HORN GAP ARRESTER; 10.6.3 MULTI GAP ARRESTER; 10.6.4 EXPULSION TYPE ARRESTER; 10.6.5 VALVE TYPE ARRESTER; 10.6.5.1 SILICON CARBIDE (SIC) LIGHTNING ARRESTER; 10.6.5.2 METAL OXIDE (MO) LIGHTNING ARRESTER; 10.6.6 SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR LIGHTNING/SURGE ARRESTERS; 10.6.7 COMMON RATINGS OF STANDARD IMPULSE TEST VOLTAGE; 10.7.4 VOLT-TIME CHARACTERISTIC; 10.8 INSULATION COORDINATION; 10.9 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 11: AUTORECLOSING AND SYNCHRONIZING; 11.1 INTRODUCTION; DEIONIZING TIME; 11.6.3 RECLAIM TIME; 11.6.4 INSTANTANEOUS LOCK OUT; 11.6.5 INTERMEDIATE LOCK OUT; 11.6.6 BREAKER SUPERVISION FUNCTION; 11.7 SYNCHRONISM CHECK; 11.7.1 PHASING VOLTAGE METHOD; 11.7.2 ANGULAR METHOD; 11.8 AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZING; 11.9 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CONDITIONS; 12.2.2 UNDERGENERATED ISLANDS; 12.2.3 OVERGENERATED ISLANDS; 12.2.4 REACTIVE POWER BALANCE; 12.2.5 POWER PLANT AUXILIARIES; 12.2.6 POWER LOAD SHEDDING SCHEME; 12.4.1 MAXIMUM ANTICIPATED OVERLOAD; 12.4.2 NUMBER OF RELAYS (81); 12.7 ISLANDING; 12.7.1 ISSUES WITH ISLANDING; 12.7.2 METHODS OF ISLANDING DETECTION; 12.8 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; 13.5.2 ARC VOLTAGE; 13.5.3 TRANSIENT RESTRIKING VOLTAGE (TRV); 13.5.4 RATE OF INTERRUPTION THEORIES; 13.6.1 HIGH RESISTANCE INTERRUPTION; 13.6.2 LOW RESISTANCE INTERRUPTION; 13.6.2.1 SLEPIAN'S THEORY (RACE THEORY); 13.6.2.2 CASSIE'S THEORY (ENERGY BALANCE THEORY); 13.7 FACTORS AFFECTING RRRV, SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; UNSOLVED EXAMPLES; REFERENCES; CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.2.1 RATED CURRENT AND RATED VOLTAGE; 14.2.2 RATED BREAKING CAPACITY; 14.2.3 RATED MAKING CAPACITYTY; 14.2.4 SHORT TIME CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.4 LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.4.1 SWITCHESE CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.4.1.1 LOAD BREAK SWITCH; 14.4.1.2 ISOLATING SWITCHH; 14.4.2 OF FUSE; 14.4.2.5 KIT-KAT FUSE; 14.4.2.6 HIGH RUPTURING CAPACITY (HRC) FUSE; 14.4.2.7 EXPULSION TYPE FUSE; 14.4.2.8 LIQUID QUENCHED FUSE (LQF); 14.4.3 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (MCB); 14.4.4 EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS (ELCB); 14.5 HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.5.1 AIR BREAK CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.2 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.2.1 BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS (BOCB); 14.5.2.2 MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS (MOCB); 14.5.3 AIR-BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4 SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4.1 NON-PUFFER TYPE SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4.2 PUFFER TYPE SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.4.3 SELF BLAST TYPE SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.5 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.5.6 HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) CIRCUIT BREAKERS; 14.6 CIRCUIT BREAKER; 14.8 EXAMPLES; 14.9 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 15: TESTING, COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE OF RELAYS; 15.1 INTRODUCTION; 15.2 TYPE TESTS; 15.2.1 OPERATING VALUE TEST; 15.2.2 OPERATING TIME TEST; 15.2.3 RESET VALUE TEST; 15.2.4 RESET TIME TEST; 15.2.5 TEMPERATURE RISE TEST; 15.2.6 CONTACT CAPACITY TEST; 15.2.7 OVERLOAD TEST; 15.2.8 MECHANICAL TEST; 15.3 COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE TESTS; 15.3.1 INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST; 15.3.2 SECONDARY INJECTION TEST; 15.3.3 PRIMARY INJECTION TEST; 15.3.4 TRIPPING TEST; 15.3.5 IMPULSE VOLTAGE TEST; 15.4 RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.5.2 OVERVOLTAGE RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.5.3 BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.5.4 DISTANCE RELAY TEST BENCH; 15.6 DIFFERENT TESTING METHODS; 15.6.1 STEADY STATE TESTING; 15.6.2 DYNAMIC TESTING; 15.6.3 SYSTEM MODEL TESTING; 15.7 COMPUTER BASED RELAY TESTING; 15.8 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 16: RECENT WAVELET TRANSFORM BASED ALGORITHM; 16.6 TRAVELLING WAVE BASED SCHEME; 16.7 16.7.1 NEURAL NETWORK BASED SCHEME; 16.7.2 FUZZY LOGIC BASED SCHEME; 16.7.3 EXPERT SYSTEM BASED SCHEME; 16.7.4 GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED SCHEME; 16.8 SUMMARY; EXERCISE; MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; REFERENCES; CHAPTER 17: 17.2.1 VOLTAGE SOURCE MODEL; 17.2.1.1 DATA FORMAT FOR INTERNAL CONTROL; 17.2.1.2 SOURCE CONTROL MODES; 17.2.2 TRANSMISSION LINES; 17.2.3 MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS; 17.2.4 ON-LINE FREQUENCY SCANNER (FFT); 17.2.5 SEQUENCE FILTER; LINE IMPEDANCE; 17.2.9 CSMF (CONTINUOUS SYSTEM MODEL FUNCTIONS); 17.2.10 SIGNAL PROCESSING BLOCK; 17.5.3.2 PROTECTION SCHEME BLOCK; 17.5.4 PHASE 'A' TO GROUND FAULT; 17.5.5 THREE PHASE FAULT; TUTORIAL-17.1; TUTORIAL-17.2; TUTORIAL-17.3; ANNEXURE -A; ANNEXURE -B; REFERENCES; APPENDICES
