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Of the People: A History of the United States does more than tell the history of America-of its people and places, of its dealings and ideals. It unfolds the story of American democracy, carefully marking how this country's evolution has been anything but certain, from its complex beginnings to its modern challenges.
The authors see American history as a story "of the people," of their struggles to shape their lives and their land.
Their narrative focuses on the social and political lives of people-some famous, some ordinary-revealing the compelling story of America's democracy from an individual perspective, from across the landscapes of
diverse communities, and ultimately from within the larger context of the world.
The theme of democracy concentrates attention on the most fundamental concerns of history: people and power. These concerns have been especially relevant as the authors completed revising the book for this new edition in the midst of the 2024 presidential election campaign, one of the most divisive in modern American history. Recent history is always a challenge and always subject to revision,
but the authors show how contemporary struggles over democracy are rooted in the past. Their balanced, inclusive approach makes it more possible for teachers and students to deal with the most
controversial events.
Contents
Contents Maps
Features
Preface
About the Authors Chapter 1: Worlds in Motion, 1450-1550 American Portrait: Malinche, Cultural Translator
1.1 The Worlds of Indigenous Peoples Great Migrations The Emergence of Farming The Cradle of the Americas The Northern World Takes Shape American Landscape: Tenochtitlan: a City on a Lake 1.2 The Worlds of Christopher Columbus The Reconquista The Age of Exploration New Ideas Take Root 1.3 Collision in the Caribbean Columbus's First Voyage The Origins of a New World Political and Economic Order The Division of the World 1.4 Onto The Mainland The First Florida Ventures The Conquest of Mexico Struggles For Democracy: Native Americans Debate the Question of the Europeans The Establishment of a Spanish Empire The Return to North America 1.5 The Consequences of Conquest Demographic Disaster The Columbian Exchange Men's and Women's Lives Conclusion Chapter 1 Primary Sources
1.1 Aztec Stories
1.2 Visual Documents: Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Pueblo Bonito 1.3 King Fernando and Queen Isabella of Spain, "Granada Capitulations" (1492)
1.4 Aztec Priests, Statement to the Franciscan Friars (1520s) 1.5 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Describing North America (1535) Chapter 2: Colonial Outposts, 1550-1650 American Portrait: Paquiquineo Finds His Way Home 2.1 Pursuing Wealth and Glory Along the North American Shore European Objectives The Huge Geographical Barrier Spanish Outposts 2.2 New France: An Outpost in Global Politics and Economics The Five Nations of Iroquois and the Political Landscape Champlain Encounters the Hurons Creating a Middle Ground in New France Struggles For Democracy: The Settlers and the Indigenous Learn to Compromise An Outpost in a Global Political Economy 2.3 New Netherland: The Empire of a Trading Nation Colonization by a Private Company Slavery and Freedom in New Netherland The Dutch-Indigenous Trading Partnership The Beaver Wars 2.4 England Attempts an Empire Competition with Spain Rehearsal in Ireland American Landscape: Terra Nova The Roanoke Venture The Abandoned Colony Conclusion Chapter 2 Primary Sources
2.1 Letter from Fray Pedro de Feria to Phillip II, King of Spain, about Paquiquineo (1563)
2.2 Richard Hakluyt, Excerpt from The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589-1600)
2.3 The Beaver Trade Takes Hold (1634)
2.4 John Heckewelder, Account of the Arrival of the Dutch at Manhattan Chapter 3: The English Come to Stay, 1600-1660 American Portrait: The Predicament of Pocahontas, Alias Rebecca 3.1 The First Chesapeake Colonies Founding Virginia Starving Times Troubled Relations with the Powhatans Toward a New Economic Order and the Rise of Democracy Toward the Destruction of the Powhatans A New Colony in Maryland 3.2 The Economy Based on Slavery Emerges The Insatiable Demand for Cheap Labor The Origins of African Slavery in the Chesapeake Gender and the Social Order in the Chesapeake American Landscape: The Forest 3.3 A Bible Commonwealth in the New England Wilderness The English Origins of the Puritan Movement Struggles For Democracy: The First African Arrivals Exercise Some Rights What Did the Puritans Believe? The Pilgrim Colony at Plymouth The Puritan Colony at Massachusetts Bay The New England Way Changing the Landscape to Fit the Economic Needs of the Commonwealth The Puritan Family 3.4 Dissension in The Puritan Ranks Roger Williams and Toleration Anne Hutchinson and the Equality of Believers Puritan Indian Policy and the Pequot War Conclusion Chapter 3 Primary Sources
3.1 Edward Waterhouse's Report on the Uprising of 1622
3.2 Letter from Richard Frethorne to His Parents About Life in Virginia (1623)
3.3 Excerpts from Anne Hutchinson's Trial Transcript (1637)
3.4 Letter from Anne Bradstreet to Her Children (Undated) Chapter 4: Continental Empires, 1660-1720 American Portrait: Mercy Lewis Learns to Fear the Devil 4.1 The Plan of Empire Turmoil in England The Meaning of Mercantilism 4.2 New Colonies, New Patterns New Netherland Becomes New York American Landscape: New Amsterdam/New York Diversity and Prosperity in Pennsylvania Indigenous and Africans in the Political Economy of Carolina The Barbados Connection 4.3 The Transformation of Virginia Social Change in Virginia Bacon's Rebellion and the Abandonment of the Middle Ground Virginia Becomes a Slave Society 4.4 New England Under Assault Social Prosperity and the Fear of Religious Decline King Philip's War Indians and the Empire 4.5 The Empire Strikes The Dominion of New England The Glorious Revolution in Britain and America Struggles For Democracy: Maryland's Colonists Demand a New Government The Rights of Englishmen Conflict in the Empire 4.6 Massachusetts in Crisis The Social and Cultural Contexts of Witchcraft Witchcraft at Salem The End of Witchcraft 4.7 Empires in Collision France Attempts an Empire The Spanish Outpost in Florida Conquest, Revolt, and Reconquest in New Mexico Native Americans and the Country Between Conclusion Chapter 4 Primary Sources
4.1 The Dutch Lose Power in America: A Meeting with Indians on the Delaware (1670)
4.2 Letter from William Penn to His Backers (1683)
4.3 Hannah Dustan, excerpted from Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (1702) 4.4 Declaration of a Pueblo Indian Captured by the Spaniards (1680)
4.5 Robert Calef, Excerpts from More Wonders of the Invisible World (1700) Chapter 5: The Eighteenth-Century World, 1700-1775 American Portrait: Young Alexander Hamilton: One Immigrant's Story 5.1 The Population Explosion of the Eighteenth Century The Dimensions of Population Growth Bound for America: European Immigrants Bound for America: Enslaved Africans 5.2 The Transatlantic Economy: Producing and Consuming The Nature of Colonial Economic Growth The Transformation of the Family Economy Sources of Regional Prosperity Merchants and Dependent Laborers in the Transatlantic Economy Consumer Choices and the Creation of Gentility 5.3 The Varieties of Colonial Experience Creating an Urban Public Sphere The Diversity of Urban Life The Maturing of Rural Society The World That Slavery Made Georgia: From Frontier Outpost to Plantation Society 5.4 The Head and The Heart in America: The Enlightenment and Religious Awakening The Ideas of the Enlightenment The Economic and Social Foundations of Democracy Struggles For Democracy: Books Become More Accessible Enlightened Institutions Origins of the Great Awakening The Grand Itinerant Cultural Conflict and Challenges to Authority What the Awakening Wrought Conclusion Chapter 5 Primary Sources
5.1 Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1771-1790)
5.2 Joseph Johnson, Letter to "All Our Indian Brethren" (1773)
5.3 Olaudah Equiano, Excerpts from The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings (1789)
5.4 George Whitefield, Account of a Visit to Carolina (1740)
5.5 Phillis Wheatley, "To the University of Cambridge, In New England" (1773) Chapter 6: Conflict in the Empire, 1713-1774 American Portrait: Susannah Willard Johnson Experiences the Empire 6.1 The Victory of the British Empire New War, Old Pattern The Local Impact of Global War The French Empire Crumbles from Within The Virginians Ignite a War From Local to Imperial War Problems with British-Colonial Cooperation The British Gain the Advantage 6.2 Enforcing the Empire Pontiac's Rebellion and Its Aftermath American Landscape: Conestoga Indian Town Paying for the Empire: Sugar and Stamps 6.3 The British Empire in Crisis An Argument About Constitutional Government The Theory and Practice of Resistance Contesting the Townshend Duties 6.4 A Revolution in the Empire "Massacre" in Boston Struggles For Democracy: The Boston Massacre The Boston Tea Party and Its Effects The First Continental Congress Conclusion Chapter 6 Primary Sources
6.1 Letters between Sir Jeffrey Amherst and Henry Bouquet (1763)
6.2 Benjamin Franklin, Excerpts from "A Narrative of the Late Massacres" (1764)
6.3 A Visiting Frenchman's Account of Patrick Henry's Caesar-Brutus Speech (1765)
6.4 The Stamp Act Riots: The Destruction of Thomas Hutchinson's House (1765)
6.5 The Intolerable Acts (1774) Chapter 7: Creating a New Nation, 1775-1788 American Portrait: Abigail Adams and the Wartime Economy 7.1 The War Begins The First Battles Congress Takes the Lead Military Ardor Declaring Independence Creating a National Government Creating State Governments 7.2 Winning the Revolution Competing Strategies The British on the Offensive: 1776 A Slow War: 1777-1781 American Landscape: The South Carolina Backcountry Securing a Place in the World 7.3 The Challenge of the Revolution The Departure of the Loyalists The Challenge of the Economy Contesting the New Economy Can Women Be Citizens? The Challenge of Slavery
7.4 A New Policy in the West The Indians' Revolution The End of the Middle Ground Settling the West 7.5 A Government of the People A Crippled Congress Writing a New Constitution Ratifying the Constitution: Politics Struggles For Democracy: The Ratification of the Constitution Ratifying the Constitution: Ideas Conclusion Chapter 7 Primary Sources
7.1 Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)
7.2 Alexander Hamilton Recommends Arming Slaves and George Washington Rejects the Idea (1779)
7.3 Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams (1776)
7.4 Slave Petition for Freedom to the Massachusetts Legislature (1777)
7.5 The Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (1787-1788) Chapter 8: Contested Republic, 1789-1800 American Portrait: Ona Judge Finds Her Freedom 8.1 The Struggle to Form a Government Creating a National Government The States and the Bill of Rights Debating the Economy 8.2 A Society in Transition A People on the Move The First Emancipation Movements American Landscape: Philadelphia Conflicting Visions of Republican Society The Culture of the Republic 8.3 Securing The Nation Borders and Boundaries Controlling the Borderlands The Whiskey Rebellion Democratic Revolutions Abroad Between France and Great Britain To the Brink of War The Administration of John Adams Tensions at Home Struggles For Democracy: The Alien and Sedition Acts Conclusion Chapter 8 Primary Sources
8.1 Henry Knox, Report on the Indians (1789)
8.2 Alexander Hamilton, Report on Manufactures (1791)
8.3 Thomas Jefferson's Letter to Philip Mazzei (1796)
8.4 Charles Brockden Brown's Defense of Education for Women (1798)
8.5 United States Congress, "An Act to Establish an Uniform Rule of Naturalization" (1790) and an Act Respecting Alien Enemies (1798)
8.6 The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799) 8.7 Excerpts from "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery," in Laws of the State of New York, 22nd Session (1799) Chapter 9: A Republic in Transition, 1800-1819 American Portrait: A Young Andrew Jackson Finds a Cause
9.1 A Politics of Transition A Contested Election, an Anxious Nation Struggles For Democracy: The Gabriel Revolt Democratic Republicans in Office The Louisiana Purchase Embargo 9.2 The War of 1812 Madison and the War Federalist Response 9.3 An Economy in Transition International Markets Crossing the Appalachian Mountains Invention and Exploration Early Industrial Society in New England The Rule of Law and Lawyers 9.4 Ways of Life in Flux Indian Resistance to American Expansion Winners and Losers in the New Economy Religion The Problem of Trust in a Changing Society American Landscape: American Indians Watch Home Slip Away The Panic of 1819 Conclusion Chapter 9 Primary Sources
9.1 Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (1801) 9.2 Tecumseh's Speech to Governor Harrison, August 20, 1810 9.3 Felix Grundy, Predictions About the War of 1812 9.4 Constitution of the Lowell Factory Girls Association (1834) 9.5 Elder David Purviance's Description of the Cane Ridge Revival (1801) Chapter 10: Jacksonian Democracy, 1820-1840 American Portrait: John Ross and the Limits of Democracy 10.1 A New National Politics Changes in the Democratic Republican Party James Monroe and National Republicanism The Missouri Compromise The Election of 1824 and the "Corrupt Bargain" The Adams Presidency and the Gathering Forces of Jacksonianism 10.2 The Social and Political Bases of Jacksonian Democracy Settlers Free Labor Suffrage Reform Opposition to Special Privilege and Secret Societies 10.3 Southern Slavery "Property in Man" The Domestic Slave Trade Plantation Slavery Other Varieties of Slavery American Landscape: Gowrie: The Story of Profit and Loss on an American Plantation Resistance and Creativity Among Southern Enslaved People 10.4 Slavery and National Development Slavery and Industrialization in the Northeast Slavery and the Laws of the Nation Free Black People in a Republic of Slavery 10.5 Jacksonian Democracy in Action The Election of 1828 The Bank War Dismembering the Bank The Specie Circular 10.6 A Policy of Removing Indigenous People Jackson and Native Peoples The Removal Act History, Destiny, and the Remaking of Indian Societies 10.7 The Growth of Sectional Tension The Sources of Southern Discontent South Carolina's Protest Struggles For Democracy: The Federal Government Responds to Abolitionism The Nullification Crisis Conclusion Chapter 10 Primary Sources
10.1 Rufus King, Excerpts from The Substance of Two Speeches Delivered in the Senate of the United States, on the Subject of the Missouri Bill (1820) and William Pinkney, Excerpts from His Response on the Missouri Question (1820) 10.2 Andrew Jackson, Excerpt from Bank Veto Message (1832) and Visual Document: H. R. Robinson, "General Jackson Slaying the Many Headed Monster" (1836) 10.3 Theodore Frelinghuysen's Argument Against the Removal Act (1830) 10.4 Frances Kemble's Journal (1838-1839) 10.5 Black Hawk's Autobiography Chapter 11: Reform and Conflict, 1820-1848 American Portrait: William and Ellen Craft 11.1 Perfectionism and the Theology of Human Striving Millennialism and Communitarians The Benevolent Empire 11.2 Organizing Against Slavery The Antislavery Movement Black Abolitionists Immediatism American Landscape: Harmony Hall Anti-abolition Violence The Emergence of Political Abolitionism Freedom National, Slavery Local 11.3 Reform and the Urban Classes Wage Dependency and Labor Protest A New Urban Middle Class Immigration and Nativism Internal Migration 11.4 Self-Reform and Social Regulation A Culture of Self-Improvement Temperance The Common School Movement and Democracy Penal Reform Electoral Politics and Moral Reform 11.5 Women's Rights Women and Reform Movements Struggles For Democracy: The Seneca Falls Convention The Seneca Falls Convention Conclusion Chapter 11 Primary Sources
11.1 David Walker, Excerpts from "Walker's Appeal" (1829) 11.2 William Lloyd Garrison, Excerpt from the First Issue of The Liberator (1831) 11.3 William Apess, "An Indian's Looking Glass for the White man" (1833) 11.4 Angelina Grimké, Excerpt from An Appeal to the Women of the Nominally Free States (1838) 11.5Louisa May Alcott, Excerpts from "Transcendental wild Oats" (1873) 11.6 Alexis de Tocqueville, Excerpts from Democracy in America: Volume II (1840) Chapter 12: Manifest Destiny, 1836-1848 American Portrait: Joe, an Enslaved Man at the Alamo 12.1 The Decline of Jacksonianism Political Parties in Crisis Van Buren and the Legacy of Jackson 12.2 Acquiring the trans-Mississippi West Manifest Destiny in Antebellum Culture Texas On to Oregon Indian Nations of the Trans-Mississippi West 12.3 Slavery's Connection to Geographic Expansion Log Cabins and Hard Cider: The Election of 1840 And Tyler, Too Occupy Oregon, Annex Texas War with Mexico American Landscape: The Battlefield of Churubusco Struggles For Democracy: Mexicans in California Lose Their Rights Conclusion Chapter 12 Primary Sources 12.1 Chief John Ross, The Petition and Memorial of the Delegates and Representatives of the Cherokee Nation (1840) 12.2 Visual Documents: Thomas Cole, Landscape (1825); Frederic Edwin Church, Niagara Falls (1857); Louis Rémy Mignot, Landscape in Ecuador (1859) 12.3 Lydia Allen Rudd, Account of Westward Journey (1852) 12.4 John O'Sullivan, "Annexation" (1845) 12.5 María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, The Squatter and the Don (1885) Chapter 13: The Politics of Slavery, 1848-1860 American Portrait: Frederick Douglass 13.1 The Political Economy of Freedom and Slavery A Changing Economy in the North The Slave Economy American Landscape: City of Broad Shoulders and Broader Implications: Chicago The Importance of the West 13.2 Slavery Becomes a Political Issue Wilmot Introduces His Proviso A Compromise Without Compromises The Fugitive Slave Act Provokes a Crisis The Election of 1852 and the Decline of the Whig Party 13.3 The Origins of the Republican Party The Challenge of Immigration Nativism's Political Moment Slavery as a Foreign Policy The Kansas-Nebraska Act Revives the Slavery Issue The Labor Problem and the Politics of Slavery "Bleeding Kansas" 13.4 A New Political Party Takes Shape The First Sectional Election Struggles For Democracy: The Settling and Unsettling of Kansas The Dred Scott Decision The Lecompton Constitution Splits the Democratic Party The "Irrepressible" Conflict 13.5 The Retreat From Union John Brown's War Against Slavery Northerners Elect a President Conclusion Chapter 13 Primary Sources 13.1 John Greenleaf Whittier, "The Haschish" (1854) 13.2 The Fugitive Slave Law Claims a Victim (1852) 13.3 Letter from Edward Bridgman about Kansas Warfare (1856) 13.4 James H. Hammond, "Speech on the Admission of Kansas" (1858) 13.5 Abraham Lincoln, Speech at Springfield, Illinois (1857) Chapter 14: A War for Union and Emancipation, 1861-1865 American Portrait: Clara Barton and the Angels of the Battlefield 14.1 Liberty and Union The Deep South Secedes The Upper South Makes Its Choice Civilians Demand a Total War What Were Soldiers Fighting For? Struggles For Democracy: The Citizen Soldier Learns a Profession 14.2 Mobilizing For War The Military Scorecard Union Naval Supremacy King Cotton's Failed Diplomacy The Political Economy of Total War Filling the Ranks-and the Jails Sinews of War 14.3 The Civil War as Social Revolution Union Victories in the West Richmond Is a Hard Road to Travel A New Birth of Freedom The Turn of the Tide-Gettysburg and Vicksburg Emancipation in Practice 14.4 The War at Home The "Butcher's Bill" Discontent on Both Sides 14.5 Union Victory at Terrible Cost Grant Takes Command No Turning Back: Hard War in an Election Year Atlanta to Appomattox American Landscape: "Burnwell": Sherman's March from the Sea and the Long-Term Cost of Devastation From Emancipation to Abolition The Meaning of the Civil War Conclusion Chapter 14 Primary Sources
14.1 John Sherman, A Letter on the Crisis to Philadelphians (1860) 14.2 Julia Ward Howe, "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" (1862) 14.3 Louisa May Alcott Nurses the Wounded (1863) 14.4 John Beauchamp Jones Observes the Deterioration on the Confederate Home Front (1863-1864) 14.5 Henry Clay Work, "Kingdom Coming" (1862) 14.6 Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address (1865) Chapter 15: Reconstructing a Nation, 1865-1877 American Portrait: John Dennett Visits a Freedmen's Bureau Court 15.1 Wartime Reconstruction Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan Versus the Wade-Davis Bill The Meaning of Freedom Experiments with Free Labor 15.2 Presidential Reconstruction, 1865-1867 The Political Economy of Contract Labor Resistance to Presidential Reconstruction Congress Clashes with the President Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment 15.3 Congressional Reconstruction The South Remade The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson Radical Reconstruction in the South Achievements and Failures of Radical Government The Political Economy of Sharecropping The Gospel of Prosperity A Counterrevolution of Terrorism and Economic Pressure 15.4 A Reconstructed West The Overland Trail The Origins of Indian Reservations Reforming Native American Tribes out of Existence 15.5 The Retreat From Republican Radicalism Republicans Become the Party of Moderation 15.6 Reconstructing the North The Fifteenth Amendment and Nationwide African American Suffrage Women and Suffrage Reconstructing America's Foreign Policy 15.7 The End of Reconstruction Corruption Is the Fashion Liberal Republicans Revolt "Redeeming" the South Struggles For Democracy: An Incident at Coushatta, August 1874 The Twice-Stolen Election of 1876 Sharecropping Becomes Wage Labor American Landscape: The Exodusters Make it to the Promised Land Conclusion Chapter 15 Primary Sources
15.1 Petroleum V. Nasby [David Ross Locke], A Platform for Northern Democrats (1865) 15.2 A Black Tenant Farmer Describes Working Conditions 15.3 Sharecropping Contract Between Alonzo T. Mial and Fenner Powell (1886) 15.4 Joseph Farley, An Account of Reconstruction 15.5 A Southern Unionist Judge's Daughter Writes the President for Help (1874) 15.6 Red Cloud Pleads the Plains Indians' Point of View at Cooper Union (1870)
