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Full Description
The question of whether men are predisposed to war runs hot in contemporary scholarship and online discussion. Within this debate, chimpanzee behavior is often cited to explain humans' propensity for violence; the claim is that male chimpanzees kill outsiders because they are evolutionarily inclined, suggesting to some that people are too. The longstanding critique that killing is instead due to human disturbance has been pronounced dead and buried. In Chimpanzees, War, and History, R. Brian Ferguson challenges this consensus.
By historically contextualizing every reported chimpanzee killing, Ferguson offers and empirically substantiates two hypotheses. Primarily, he provides detailed demonstration of the connection between human impact and intergroup killing of adult chimpanzees. Secondarily, he argues that killings within social groups reflect status conflicts, display violence against defenseless individuals, and payback killings of fallen status bullies. Ferguson also explains broad chimpanzee-bonobo differences in violence through constructed and transmitted social organizations consistent with new perspectives in evolutionary theory. He deconstructs efforts to illuminate human warfare via chimpanzee analogy, and provides an alternative anthropological theory grounded in Pan-human contrasts that is applicable to different types of warfare. Bringing readers on a journey through theoretical struggle and clashing ideas about chimpanzees, bonobos, and evolution, Ferguson opens new ground on the age-old question--are men born to kill?
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Controversies
Chapter 1: From Nice to Brutal
Chapter 2: The Second Generation
Chapter 3: Theoretical Alternatives
Part II: Gombe
Chapter 4: From Peace to "War"
Chapter 5: Contextualizing Violence
Chapter 6: Explaining the War and Its Aftermath
Chapter 7: The Postwar Era
Chapter 8: Interpreting Gombe Violence
Part III: Mahale
Chapter 9: Mahale: What Happened to K Group?
Chapter 10: Mahale History
Part IV: Kibale
Chapter 11: Kibale
Chapter 12: Ngogo Territorial Conflict
Chapter 13: Scale and Geopolitics at Ngogo
Chapter 14: The Ngogo Expansion, RCH + HIH
Chapter 15: Kanyawara
Part V: Budongo
Chapter 16: Budongo, Early Research
Chapter 17: Sonso
Part VI: Eleven Smaller Cases
Chapter 18: Eastern Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Chapter 19: Central Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Chapter 20: Western Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus
Part VII: Tai
Chapter 21: Tai and Its Afflictions
Chapter 22: Sociality and Intergroup Relations
Chapter 23: Killings and Explanations
Part VIII: Bonobos
Chapter 24: Pan paniscus
Chapter 25: Social Organization and Why Male Bonobos Are Less Violent
Chapter 26: Evolutionary Scenarios and Speculations
Part IX: Adaptive Strategies, Human Impact, and Deadly Violence: Theory and Evidence
Chapter 27: Killing Infants
Chapter 28: The Case for Evolved Adaptations, by the Evidence
Chapter 29: Human Impact, Critiqued and Documented
Part X: Human War
Chapter 30: The Demonic Perspective Meets Human Warfare
Chapter 31: Toward a General Theory of War
Chapter 32: Applications
Tables
References
Index
