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Full Description
This new combination volume of three-books-in-one, dealing with the topic of artifacts in behavioral research, was designed as both introduction and reminder. It was designed as an introduction to the topic for graduate students, advanced undergraduates, and younger researchers. It was designed as a reminder to more experienced researchers, in and out of academia, that the problems of artifacts in behavioral research, that they may have learned about as beginning researchers, have not gone away.
For example, problems of experimenter effects have not been solved. Experimenters still differ in the ways in which they see, interpret, and manipulate their data. Experimenters still obtain different responses from research participants (human or infrahuman) as a function of experimenters' states and traits of biosocial, psychosocial, and situational origins.
Experimenters' expectations still serve too often as self-fulfilling prophecies, a problem that biomedical researchers have acknowledged and guarded against better than have behavioral researchers; e.g., many biomedical studies would be considered of unpublishable quality had their experimenters not been blind to experimental condition.
Problems of participant or subject effects have also not been solved. We usually still draw our research samples from a population of volunteers that differ along many dimensions from those not finding their way into our research. Research participants are still often suspicious of experimenters' intent, try to figure out what experimenters are after, and are concerned about what the experimenter thinks of them.
Contents
BOOK ONE - ARTIFACTS IN BEHAVIOR ; 1. Perspective: Artifact and Control - EDWIN G. BORING ; 2. Suspiciousness of Experimenter's Intent - WILLIAM J. MCGUIRE ; 3. The Volunteer Subject - ROBERT ROSENTHAL and RALPH L. ROSNOW ; 4. Pretest Sensitization - ROBERT E. LANA ; 5. Demand Characteristics and the Concept of Quasi-controls - MARTIN T. ORNE ; 6. Interpersonal Expectations: Effects of the Experimenter's Hypothesis - ROBERT ROSENTHAL ; 7. The Conditions and Consequences of Evaluation Apprehension - MILTON J. ROSENBERG ; 8. Prospective: Artifact and Control - DONALD T. CAMPBELL ; BOOK TWO - EXPERIMENTER EFFECTS ; Part I - THE NATURE OF EXPERIMENTER EFFECTS ; 1. The Experimenter as Observer ; 2. Interpretation of Data ; 3. Intentional Error ; 4. Biosocial Attributes ; 5. Psychosocial Attributes ; 6. Situational Factors ; 7. Experimenter Modeling ; 8. Experimenter Expectancy ; Part II - STUDIES OF EXPERIMENTER EXPECTANCY EFFECTS ; 9. Human Subjects ; 10. Animal Subjects ; 11. Subject Set ; 12. Early Data Returns ; 13. Excessive Rewards ; 14. Structural Variables ; 15. Behavioral Variables ; 16. Communication of Experimenter Expectancy ; Part III - METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ; 17. The Generality and Assessment of Experimenter Effects ; 18. Replications and Their Assessment ; 19. Experimenter Sampling ; 20. Experimenter Behavior ; 21. Personnel Considerations ; 22. Blind and Minimized Contact ; 23. Expectancy Control Groups ; 24. Conclusion ; References ; BOOK THREE - THE VOLUNTEER SUBJECT ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Characteristics of the Volunteer Subject ; 3. Situational Determinants of Volunteering ; 4. Implications for the Interpretation of Research Findings ; 5. Empirical Research on Voluntarism as an Artifact ; 6. An Intergrative Overview ; 7. Summary ; Appendix ; References
