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This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.
Based on studies of a range of countries in the Global South, this book examines heterogeneity within informal work by applying a common conceptual framework and empirical methodology. The country studies use panel data to study the dynamics of worker transitions between formal and heterogeneous informal work and present a comparative perspective across developing countries in Asia, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and North Africa and the Middle East. Each study provides a nuanced view of informality, dividing workers into six work statuses: formal wage-employees, upper-tier informal wage-employees, lower-tier informal wage employees, formal self-employed, and upper-tier informal self-employed. Based on this common conceptual framework, the country studies examine the distribution of workers across each of these work statuses, and document transition patterns across different formality and work statuses. The panel data analysed in each country study provide a basis for making statements about labour market transitions that are not warranted when using comparable cross-sections. The studies also examine the individual- and household-level characteristics associated with workers in each work status. Using these characteristics, each study constructs a 'job ladder' that ranks each work status, and then examines the characteristics of workers that are associated with transitions up (and down) the job ladder.
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of abbreviations
Notes on contributors
I. Introduction
1: Gary S. Fields, Tim Gindling, Kunal Sen, Michael Danquah, and Simone Schotte: The job ladder
2: Gary S. Fields: Informality and work status
II. Asia
3: Carl Lin, Linxiang Ye, and Wei Zhang: Transforming informal work and livelihoods in China
4: Rajesh Raj Natarajan, Simone Schotte, and Kunal Sen: Moving up or down the job ladder in India: Examining informality-formality transitions
5: Mayang Rizky, Daniel Suryadarma, and Asep Suryahadi: Progress and stagnation in the livelihood of informal workers in an emerging economy
III. Latin America
6: Enrique Alaniz, T.H. Gindling, Catherine Mata, and Diego Rojas: Transforming informal work and livelihoods in Costa Rica and Nicaragua
7: Roxana Maurizio and Ana Paula Monsalvo: Informality, labour transitions, and the livelihoods of workers in Latin America
8: Enrique Alaniz, Alma Espino, and T.H. Gindling: Self-employment and labour market dynamics of men and women in El Salvador and Nicaragua
9: Robert Duval-Hernández: Informal work in urban Mexico: characteristics, dynamics, and workers' preferences
IV. Sub-Saharan Africa
10: Sènakpon Fidèle A. Dedehouanou, and Didier Y. Alia: Dynamics of off-farm self-employment in the West African Sahel
11: Abiodun O. Folawewo and Olusegun A. Orija: Informal-formal workers' transition in Nigeria: A livelihood analysis
12: Michael Danquah, Simone Schotte, and Kunal Sen: Informal-formal transitions in work status in sub-Saharan Africa: A comparative perspective
V. North Africa and the Middle East
13: Shireen AlAzzawi and Vladimir Hlasny: Evolution of vulnerable employment in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia
VI. Lessons Learnt
14: Gary S. Fields, T.H. Gindling, Kunal Sen, Michael Danquah, and Simone Schotte: How to transform informal work and livelihoods? Lessons learnt and policy options
Appendix A: Work status definition and operationalization
Appendix B: Job ladder
Appendix C: Work status dynamics
Index
