- ホーム
- > 洋書
- > 英文書
- > Politics / International Relations
Full Description
By the Peoplereflects the dynamism of American government and politics with superior teaching and learning tools that prepare students to ENGAGE, THINK, and DEBATE now more than ever before.Using a storytelling approach that weaves commentary together with historical context, By the People: Debating American Government explores the themes and ideas that drive the great debates in American government and politics. It introduces students to big questions like "Who governs?" "How does our system of government work?" "What does government do?" and "Who are we?" By challenging students with these questions, the text encourages them to think about, engage with, and debate themerits of U.S. government and politics.
Contents
About the Authors Preface PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS1. Ideas That Shape American Politics BY THE NUMBERS American Ideas The Spirit of American Politics Who Governs? How Does American Politics Work? Ideas Institutions Interests Individuals What Does Government Do Who Are We? A Nation of Ideas Liberty "The Land of the Free" The Two Sides of Liberty LIBERTY The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing Self-Rule One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic A Mixed System Limited Government The Origins of Limited Government And Yet . . . the United States Has a Big Government Limits on Government Action When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited Government GOVERNMENT Individualism Community Versus Individualism The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord Golden Opportunity Social Conflict Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? The American Dream Spreading the Dream Challenging the Dream Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy? INFO/DATA Most Americans Believe There Is "Opportunity to Get Ahead"Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values? Equality Three Types of Equality How Much Economic Inequality Is Too Much? Opportunity or Outcome? Religion Still a Religious Country So Many Religions The Politics of Religion How Do Ideas Affect Politics? Ideas in American Culture The Ideas in Political Institutions Culture or Institutions? Conclusion: Culture and Institutions, Together Chapter Summary Key TermsStudy Questions 2 The Constitution BY THE NUMBERS The ConstitutionThe Colonial Roots of the Constitution Why the Colonists Revolted The Colonial Complaint: Representation The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict The Boston Tea Party Revolution! A Long Legacy The Declaration of Independence The Principle: "We Hold These Truths . . ." Grievances The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation The National Government Some Success . . . . . . And Some Problems SecrecyThe Constitutional Convention How Much Power to the People? National Government Versus State Government Big States Versus Small States The Virginia Plan The New Jersey Plan The Connecticut Compromise The President Committee or Individual? The Electoral College Separation of Powers "A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed" The Three-Fifths Compromise The Slave Trade Fugitive Slaves "The National Calamity" An Overview of the Constitution Preamble Article 1: Congress Article 2: The President Article 3: The Courts Article 4: Relations Between the States Article 5: Amendments Article 6: The Law of the Land Article 7: Ratification The Missing Articles Ratification The Anti-Federalists The Federalists Two Strong Arguments A Very Close Vote Changing the Constitution The Bill of Rights The Seventeen Amendments The Constitution Today INFO/DATA Amend the Constitution Today? On What Issue? Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still Work? Chapter Summary Key TermsStudy Questions 3 Federalism and Nationalism BY THE NUMBERS Federalism Forging Federalism Who Holds Government Authority? Advantages of State-Level PolicyThe Advantages of National PolicyINFO/DATA: Regulatory Policies Differ By StatePOLICY? How Federalism Works The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules The Constitution Empowers National Authority The Constitution Protects State Authority The Constitution Authorizes Shared Power Dual Federalism (1789-1933) Cooperative Federalism (1933-1981) New Federalism Progressive Federalism Education Healthcare Federalism Today Issues in FederalismUnfunded Mandates Drowned in the Bathtub? Reducing the Federal GovernmentFederalism in the CourtsNationalism, American Style The Rise of American Nationalism America's Weak National GovernmentSizeAuthorityIndependenceConclusion: Who Are We? Chapter Summary Key TermsStudy Questions 4 Civil Liberties BY THE NUMBERS Civil Liberties The Rise of Civil Liberties Civil Rights and Civil Liberties The Purpose of Civil Liberties The Slow Rise of Civil LibertiesPrivacy Penumbras and Emanations Roe v. Wade Planned Parenthood v. Casey Sex Between Consenting Adults Clashing PrinciplesFreedom of Religion The Establishment Clause Free Exercise of Religion Freedom of Speech A Preferred Position Political SpeechBETTER?Symbolic Speech Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words Limited Protections: Student Speech Freedom of the Press Prior Restraint Obscenity Libel The Right to Bear Arms INFO/DATA Guns on Campus A Relic of the Revolution? The Palladium of All Liberties? The Rights of the Accused The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel The Eighth Amendment: The Death PenaltyTerrorism, Non-Citizens, and Civil Liberties Contacts with Forbidden Groups Surveillance The Rights of Non-CitizensConclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties Chapter Summary Key TermsStudy Questions 5 The Struggle for Civil Rights BY THE NUMBERS Civil RightsWinning Rights: The Political Process Seven Steps to Political Equality How the Courts Review Cases Suspect Categories Quasi-Suspect Categories Nonsuspect Categories Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against Slavery The Clash Over Slavery Abolition Economics Politics Dred Scott v. Sandford The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom? Freedom Fails The Fight for Racial Equality Two Types of Discrimination The Modern Civil Rights Campaign Begins The Courts The Civil Rights Movement Congress and the Civil Rights Act The Post Civil Rights Era Affirmative Action in the Workplace Affirmative Action in Education Women's Rights Suffrage The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Equal Rights Amendment The Courts Progress for Women-But How Much? Hispanics Challenging Discrimination The Politics of Immigration Ancient Fears Three Categories Undocumented Immigrants Language Controversy: Speak English! Political Mobilization Asian Americans Native Americans The Lost Way of Life Indians and the Federal Government Social Problems and Politics Groups Without Special Protection People with Disabilities Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity INFO/DATA: 5.1The Fight for Civil Rights Goes On Voting Rights Today Economic and Social Rights Today Health Income Incarceration Conclusion: Civil Rights . . . By the People Chapter Summary Key TermsStudy Questions 6 Public Opinion and Political ParticipationSources of Public Opinion BY THE NUMBERS Public Opinion and Political ParticipationPolitical Socialization Parents and Friends Education Gender Race Religion Life Events Party Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks Elite Influence Wars and Other Focusing Events Measuring Public Opinion Polling Bloopers Polling 101 Refining the sample Timing Wording Lies, Damn Lies, and Polls Technology and Error Sampling Error and Response Bias Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? Public Opinion in a Democracy Ignorant MassesThe Rational Public Do the People Know What They Want? How Do the People Communicate Their Desires? Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion? Getting Involved: Political Participation Traditional Participation Voting Electoral Activities Civic Voluntarism Direct Action Why Do People Get Involved?Background: Age, Wealth, Education, and Race Age Wealth EducationRace Friends and Family Community Political Mobilization Government Beneficiaries Historical Context TALKING POLITICS HOW MOBILIZERS SEE US INFO/DATA Higher Engagement and Ideology What Discourages Political Participation? Alienation Institutional Barriers Complacency Shifting Mobilization Patterns New Avenues for Participation: The Internet, Social Media, and Millennial Participation Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than Democratic Renaissance Does Social Media Increase Political Participation? How the Millennial Generation Participates Conclusion: Government by the People Chapter Summary Study Questions Key Terms7 Media, Technology, and Government BY THE NUMBERS The MediaThe Media and American Democracy Providing Information Watching Political Leaders Shaping the Political Agenda U.S. Media Today: Traditional Formats Are Declining Where People Go for News Newspapers and Magazines: Rise and Decline The First Mass Media Should We Worry? Radio Holds Steady Television: From News to Infotainment The Rise of Cable Infotainment The Rise of the New Media Is the Media Biased? Reporters Are Democrats Profits Drive the News Industry Drama Delivers Audiences Sex and Scandal Investigative "Bias" How Governments Shape the Media The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Regulation Regulating Broadcasters Protecting Competition INFO/DATA Media Consolidation Understanding the Media in Context: War,Terrorism, and U.S. Elections Covering Wars and Terrorism The Campaign as Drama Candidate Profiles Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media World DEMOCRACY? Chapter Summary Study Questions 8 Campaigns and Elections How Democratic Are U.S. Elections? BY THE NUMBERS Campaigns and Elections Frequent and Fixed Elections Over 520,000 Elected Officials Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality? Too Much Money? Democracy for the Rich? Major Donors: Easier to Give INFO/DATA Money in Elections: The New Rules Bundling Presidential Campaigns and Elections Who Runs for President? The Three Phases of Presidential Elections Winning the Nomination Organizing the Convention The General Election Winning Presidential Elections Economic Outlook Demographics War and Foreign Policy Domestic Issues The Campaign Organization Who Won and Why Congressional Elections Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? The Power of Incumbency Congressional Election Results Redrawing the Lines: The Art of Gerrymandering Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation How to Run for Congress Key 1: MoneyKey 2: Organization Key 3: Strategy TALKING POLITICS CAMPAIGN LINGO Key 4: Message Conclusion: Reforming American Elections Chapter Summary Study Questions 9 Interest Groups and Political Parties The Many Roles Interest Groups Play BY THE NUMBERS Interest Groups Informing Members Communicating Members' Views Mobilizing the Public What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy? Types of Interest Groups Economic Groups Citizen or Public Interest Groups Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying Interest Groups and the Federal Government The Multiple Roles of Lobbyists Researchers Witnesses Position Takers Coalition Builders Social Butterflies Iron Triangles TALKING POLITICS WASHINGTON LOBBYING Rise of the Issue Network Interest Groups and the Courts Lobbying on Judicial Confirmations Filing Amicus Curiae ("Friend of Court") Briefs Sponsoring LitigationInterest Groups and Power Lobbyists in Washington Interest Groups' Spending INFO/DATA Interest Group Campaign Spending: Sector Totals, 2015-2016 Political Parties and U.S. Government What the Parties Do Parties Champion Ideas Parties Select Candidates Parties Mobilize the Voters Parties Organize Governing Activity After the Election Parties Help Integrate New Groups into the Political Process Two-Party America Third Parties in American Politics America's Party Systems: Origins and Change Beginnings: First Party System (1789-1828) Rise: Second Party System (ca. 1828-1860) War and Reconstruction: Third Party System (1860-1896) Business and Reform: Fourth Party System (1896-1932) Depression and New Deal: Fifth Party System (1933-1968) The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1972-Present) Party Organization and Identification The Party Bureaucracy Party in Government Party in the Electorate The Power of Party Attachment Voting and Participation Filtering Ideology The Big Tent Party Competition . . . and Partisanship Parties Rise Again Partisanship Intensifies Competition Increases Conclusion: A Political System Ripe for Reform? 1. Regulating Interest Groups 2. Reduce Partisanship in Government Chapter SummaryStudy Questions PART III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS10 Congress BY THE NUMBERS Congress Introducing Congress Two Houses, Different Styles The House and Senate Have Some Unique Roles Congressional Representation Trustees and Delegates Do the Right Thing Do What the People Want Getting to Congress-and Staying There The Permanent Campaign Home Style: Back in the District Congress at Work The City on the Hill Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership House LeadershipSenate Leadership Committees: Workhorses of Congress The Enduring Power of Committees Leadership and AssignmentsLegislative Policymaking Drafting a BillSubmitting the Bill Committee Action 1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy Topics 2. Committees Prepare Legislation for Floor Consideration 3. Committees Also Kill Legislation 4. Committees Exercise Oversight Floor Action Getting to the floor On the floor The Vote Conference Committee Presidential Action: Separated Powers, Revisited Why Is Congress So Unpopular? Partisan Polarization in Congress INFO/DATA Historic Partisan Polarization Divided Government Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge of Governing Chapter SummaryStudy Questions 11 The Presidency BY THE NUMBERS The Presidency Defining the Presidency Defined by Controversy The President's Powers Is the Presidency Too Powerful? An Imperial Presidency? A Weak Office? What Presidents Do Commander in Chief Top Diplomat The First Legislator Recommending Measures State of the Union Presidential "Batting Average" Veto Signing Statements Chief Bureaucrat Appointments Executive Orders Economist in Chief INFO/DATA Executive Orders Issued by Each President, Per Day in Office The Head of State Party Leader The Bully Pulpit: Introducing IdeasThe Impossible Job Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure in the Oval OfficeManaging the Public Approval Ratings Presidential Greatness Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders Step 1: A New Order Rises Step 2: The Order Refreshed Step 3: The Old Order Crumbles The President's Team: A Tour of the White House The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments The Vice President The Cabinet The Executive Office of the President The Office of Management and Budget (OMB)The Council of Economic Advisers 3The National Security Council (NSC) The Heart of Power: The White House Office (WHO) TALKING POLITICS SPEAK LIKE A WEST WING INSIDER The First Spouse Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth? Chapter Summary Study Questions 12 Bureaucracy BY THE NUMBERS The Bureaucracy How the Bureaucracy Grew Birth of the Bureaucracy War Morality Economics Geography Race and Ethnicity The Bureaucratic Model Hierarchy Division of Labor Fixed Routines Equal Rules for All Technical Qualifications Bureaucratic Pathologies The Democratic Dilemma What Bureaucracies Do Rule-Making Implementation How the Bureaucracy Is Organized The Cabinet Departments The Rotating Bureaucracy Other Agencies Executive Agencies Independent Regulatory Commissions INFO/DATA The Formation of Regulatory Commissions An Army of Their Own Private Contractors Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? The People The President Congress Interest Groups Bureaucratic AutonomyDemocracy Revisited Reforming the Bureaucracy Open Up the System Reinventing Government Privatization Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with You Chapter Summary Study Questions 13 The Judicial Branch Who Are We? A Nation of Laws . . .and Lawyers Embracing the Law-and Lawsuits BY THE NUMBERS The U.S. Judiciary Declining TrustCourts in American Culture Organizing the Judicial Branch Divided We Rule State and Local Courts Judicial Selection Federal Courts Specialized Courts Diversity in the Federal Judiciary The Court's Role Judicial Review Activism Versus Restraint The Judicial Process Too Much Power? Or Still the "Least Dangerous" Branch? The Supreme Court and How It Operates Hearing Cases Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements Selecting Cases: Informal Factors Conference Sessions and Written Decisions Supreme Court Clerks Confirmation Battles Judicial Decision Making and Reform The Role of Law Ideology and Partisanship INFO/DATA How Americans View the Supreme Court: Liberal or Conservative? Collegiality and Peer Pressure Institutional ConcernsNineteen Cases You Should Know1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) 4. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 5. Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) 6. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)7. Lochner v. New York (1905)8. Muller v. Oregon (1908)9. Schenck v. United States (1919)10. National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)11. Korematsu v. United States (1944)12. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)14. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)15. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)16. Roe v. Wade (1973)17. United States v. Nixon (1974)18. Bush v. Gore (2000)19. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)The Nineteen Cases-and the Power of the Court Conclusion: Democracy and the CourtsChapter Summary Study Questions14 Domestic and Foreign PolicyPublic Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy) Stages1. Agenda SettingBY THE NUMBERS U.S. Public Policy2. Framing3. Policy FormationAnalyzing Policy, Ex AnteFrom Cost-Benefit Analysis to Politics4. Policy ImplementationTop-Down DeliveryBottom-Up Delivery5. Policy Evaluation and FeedbackPolicy Feedback U.S. Social PolicyOld-Age Insurance: Social Security Unemployment BenefitsHealth and Disability: Medicare/MedicaidINFO/DATA The Federal Budget in ContextEconomic Policymaking: Fiscal and Monetary PolicyFiscal PolicyMonetary PolicyEconomic Policymaking: The Federal Budget ProcessAmerican Foreign-Policy GoalsAmerican Foreign-Policy Goal No. 1: SecurityMilitary PrimacySoft Power Foreign Aid and National Security American Foreign-Policy Goal No. 2: ProsperityFree Trade Energy Economic Weapons Foreign-Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American IdealsWho Makes Foreign Policy?Congress The PresidentThe State DepartmentThe Department of Defense Intelligence The National Security Council Success or Fragmentation?Grand Strategies in U.S. History World War I and Isolationism (1918-1939) World War II, the Cold War, and Multilateralism (1942-1989) The New World Order (1989-2001)The War on Terror (2001-Present) Conclusion: Policy Matters Chapter Summary Study Questions APPENDIX IThe Declaration of Independence A-1APPENDIX IIThe Constitution of the United States of America A-4APPENDIX IIIThe Federalist Papers nos. 1, 10, and 51 A-25APPENDIX IVPresidential Elections, Congressional Control, 1789-2016 A-35Glossary G-1Notes N-1Credits C-1Index I-1
