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EMPHASISES CONCEPTS. Animal BehaviorApplications, Second Edition, takes a conceptual approach that highlights the process of science and the real-world applications of animal behaviour research. In an engaging, question-driven style, Shawn E. Nordell and Thomas J. Valone offer readers a clear learning progression for understanding and OF SCIENCE. Featured studies illustrate each concept and emphasise research methods, immersing students in the process of animal behaviour research. The authors clearly identify the research question, hypothesis, and prediction for each featured study and then demonstrate how the methods allow the prediction to be tested.HIGHLIGHTS REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS. To help students understand the broader significance of animal behaviour research, each chapter contains examples of how various people and groups are applying the concepts to societal problems and issues.DISTINCTIVE FEATURES:Bolded key terms, a running glossary, chapter summaries, and thought-provoking discussion questions provide additional support for students"Scientific Process" boxes clearly and concisely lay out each step of the research process"Toolboxes" explain essential skills or complex terms in the science of animal behaviour"Applying the Concepts" boxes provide examples of how animal behaviour research is being applied to real-life problemsDiverse research examples represent all major taxa and highlight both classic and contemporary researchBeautiful illustrations and photos help readers visualise complex processes and connect with the natural world
Contents
PrefaceChapter 1. The Science of Animal Behavior1.1 Animals and their behavior are an integral part of human society Recognizing and defining behavior Measuring behavior: elephant ethograms1.2 The scientific method is a formalized way of knowing about the natural world The importance of hypotheses The scientific method Negative results and directional hypotheses Correlation and causality Hypotheses and theories Social sciences and the natural sciences1.3 Scientists study both the proximate mechanisms that generate behavior and the ultimate reasons why the behavior evolved1.4 Researchers have examined animal behavior from a variety of perspectives over time Darwin and adaptation Early comparative psychology Comparative psychology in North America Behaviorism Classical ethology Interdisciplinary approaches1.5 Anthropomorphic explanations of behavior assign human emotions to animals and can be difficult to testFeatures Scientific Process 1.1. Robin abundance and food availability Scientific Process 1.2. Robin abundance and predators Applying the Concepts 1.1. Human infant crying Applying the Concepts 2.1. What is behind the "guilty look" in dogs?Chapter 2. Methods for Studying Animal Behavior2.1 Animal behavior scientists test hypotheses to answer research questions about behavior Hypothesis testing in wolf spiders Generating hypotheses Hypotheses from mathematical models2.2 Researchers use observational, experimental, and comparative methods to study behavior The observational method The observational method and reproductive energetics of chimpanzees The experimental method The experimental method and jumping tadpoles The comparative method The comparative method and the evolution of burrowing behavior in mice2.3 Animal behavior research requires ethical animal use How research can affect animals Sources of ethical standards The three Rs2.4 Scientific knowledge is generated and communicated to the scientific community via peer-reviewed research The primary literature The secondary literatureFeatures Scientific Process 2.1. Jumping tadpoles Applying the Concepts 2.1. Project Seahorse Toolbox 2.1. Animal sampling techniques Toolbox 2.2 Scientific literacyChapter 3. Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior3.1 Evolution by natural selection favors behavioral adaptations that enhance fitness Measures of heritability Great tit exploratory behavior Variation within a population Frequency-dependent selection Fitness and adaptation3.2 Modes of natural selection describe population changes Directional selection in juvenile ornate tree lizards Disruptive selection in spadefoot toad tadpoles Stabilizing selection in juvenile convict cichlids Studying adaptation: the cost-benefit approach3.3 Individual and group selection have been used to explain cooperation3.4 Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that focuses on the reproductive fitness of individuals Sexual selection in widowbirdsFeatures Scientific Process 3.1. Heritability of great tit exploratory behavior Scientific Process 3.2. Stabilizing selection on territory size in cichlids Applying the Concepts 3.1. Do lemmings commit suicide? Toolbox 3.1. Genetics primerChapter 4. Behavioral Genetics4.1. Behaviors vary in their heritability4.2. Behavioral variation is associated with genetic variation Behavioral differences between wild-type and mutant-type fruit flies Major and minor genes Fire ant genotype and social organization Experimental manipulation of gene function: knockout studies Anxiety-related behavior and knockout of a hormone receptor in mice QTL mapping to identify genes associated with behavior QTL mapping for aphid feeding behavior4.3 The environment influences gene expression and behavior Social environment and gene expression in fruit flies Social environment and birdsong development Social environment and gene expression in birds Environmental effects on zebrafish aggression Gene-environment interactions Rover and sitter foraging behavior in fruit flies4.4 Genes can limit behavioral flexibility Bold and shy personalities in streamside salamanders Aggressive personalities in fishing spiders Animal personalities: a model with fitness tradeoffsFeatures Scientific Process 4.1. Environmental effects on zebrafish aggression Scientific Process 4.2. Salamander personalities Applying the Concepts 4.1. Dog behavior heritability Toolbox 4.1. Molecular techniquesChapter 5. Sensory Systems and Behavior5.1 Animals acquire environmental information from their sensory systems5.2 Chemosensory systems detect chemicals that are perceived as tastes and odors Sweet and umami taste perception in rodents Cuttlefish physiological response to odors5.3 Photoreception allows animals to detect light and perceive objects as images Color vision in monarch butterflies Ultraviolet plumage reflectance in birds Infrared detection in snakes5.4 Mechanoreceptors detect vibrations that travel through air, water, or substrates Ultrasonic song detection in moths Long-distance communication in elephants Catfish track the wake of their prey Substrate-borne vibrations Antlions detect substrate-borne vibrations5.5 Some animals can detect electric or magnetic fields Electroreception Sharks detect electric fields Magnetoreception5.6 Predator and prey sensory systems co-evolve Insect tympanal organs: an evolved antipredator adaptation Predator-prey sensory system co-evolution: bats and mothsFeatures Scientific Process 5.1. Antlion mechanoreception Applying the Concepts 5.1 How do mosquitoes find their victims?Chapter 6. Communication6.1 Communication occurs when a specialized signal from one individual influences the behavior of another Honeybees and the waggle dance Odor or the waggle dance in bees Auditory signals: alarm calls Titmouse alarm calls Information or influence?6.2 The environment influences the evolution of signals Temperature affects ant chemical signals Habitat light environment affects fish visual signals Habitat structure affects bowerbird auditory signals6.3 Signals often accurately indicate signaler phenotype and environmental conditions Signals as accurate indicators: theory Aposematic coloration in frogs Courtship signaling in spiders Aggressive display and male condition in fighting fish6.4 Signals can be inaccurate indicators when the fitness interests of signaler and receiver differ Batesian mimicry and Ensatina salamanders Aggressive mimicry in fangblenny fish Intraspecific deception: false alarm calls Topi antelope false alarm calls Capuchin monkeys and inaccurate signals6.5 Communication can involve extended phenotype signals Bowerbirds construct and decorate bowers Sticklebacks decorate their nests6.6 Communication networks affect signaler and receiver behavior Squirrel eavesdropping Eavesdropping in tungara frogs Audience effects in fighting fishFeatures Scientific Process 6.1 Signaling in male wolf spiders Scientific Process 6.2. Fighting fish opercular display Applying the Concepts 6.1. Pheromones and pest control Applying the Concepts 6.2. Urban sounds affect signal production Applying the Concepts 6.3. Human luxury brands as costly signalsChapter 7. Learning, Neuroethology, and Cognition7.1 Learning allows animals to adapt to their environment Improved foraging efficiency in salamanders Evolution of learning Green frog habituation to intruder vocalizations7.2 Learning is associated with neurological changes Neurotransmitters and learning in chicks Dendritic spines and learning in mice Avian memory of stored food7.3 Animals learn associations between stimuli and responses Classical conditioning Pavlovian conditioning for mating opportunities in Japanese quail Fish learn novel predators Operant conditioning Learning curves in macaques Trial-and-error learning in bees7.4 Social interactions facilitate learning Learned antipredator behaviors in prairie dogs Learning about food patches Social information use in sticklebacks Teaching Ptarmigan hens teach chicks their diet Tandem running in ants7.5 Social learning can lead to the development of animal traditions and culture Behavioral tradition in wrasse7.6 Animals vary in their cognitive abilities Tool use in capuchin monkeys Problem solving and insight learning Insight learning in keas Numerical competency in New Zealand robins Cognition and brain architecture in birds Brain size and cognition in guppiesFeatures Scientific Process 7.1. Brain structure and food hoarding Scientific Process 7.2 Fish learn predators Applying the Concepts 7.1. Operation Migration and imprinting Applying the Concepts 7.2. Dog training Applying the concepts 7.3 Human social learning about dangerous animalsChapter 8. Foraging Behavior8.1 Animals find food using a variety of sensory modalities Bees use multiple senses to enhance foraging efficiency Gray mouse lemurs use multiple senses to find food8.2 Visual predators find cryptic prey more effectively by learning a search image Cryptic coloration reduces predator efficiency in trout Blue jays use a search image to find prey8.3 The optimal diet model predicts the food types an animal should include in its diet The diet model A graphical solution Diet choice in northwestern crows Ant foraging: the effect of nutrients8.4 The optimal patch-use model predicts how long a forager should exploit a food patch The optimal patch-use model Patch use by ruddy ducks Optimal patch model with multiple costs Fruit bat foraging on heterogeneous patches Kangaroo rat foraging with variable predation costs Incomplete information and food patch estimation Bayesian foraging bumblebees8.5 Some animals obtain food from the discoveries of others Spice finch producer-scrounger gameFeatures Scientific Process 8.1. Prey detection by gray mouse lemurs Scientific Process 8.2. Cryptic prey reduces predator efficiency Scientific Process 8.3. Patch use by fruit bats Applying the Concepts 8.1. Human patch-leaving decisions Applying the Concepts 8.2. GUDs and conservation Toolbox 8.1. Mathematical solution to the optimal diet modelChapter 9. Antipredator Behavior9.1. Animals reduce predation risk by avoiding detection Predator avoidance by cryptic coloration in crabs Predators and reduced activity in lizards Prey take evasive or aggressive action when detected Startle display in butterflies9.2 Many behaviors represent adaptive trade-offs involving predation risk Increased vigilance decreases feeding time Vigilance and predation risk in elk Rich but risky Environmental conditions and predation risk in foraging redshanks Predation risk and patch quality in ants Mating near predators in water striders Mating and refuge use in fiddler crabs9.3. Living in groups can reduce predation risk The dilution effect and killifish The selfish herd and vigilance behavior Group size effect and the selfish herd hypothesis in doves9.4. Some animals interact with predators to deter attack Predator harassment in ground squirrels Mobbing owl predators Pursuit deterrence and alarm signal hypotheses Tail-flagging behavior in deerFeatures Scientific Process 9.1. Feeding trade-off in redshanks Scientific Process 9.2. Mating behavior trade-off in water striders Scientific Process 9.3. Predator harassment by California ground squirrels Applying the Concepts 9.1. Human fear of predators Applying the Concepts 9.2. Mitigating crop damage by manipulating predation riskChapter 10. Dispersal and Migration10.1. Dispersal reduces resource competition and inbreeding Density-dependent dispersal in adult springtails Food-related natal dispersal in northern goshawks Inbreeding avoidance in voles10.2. Reproductive success and public information affect breeding dispersal behavior Reproductive success and breeding dispersal in dragonflies Public information and breeding dispersal in kittiwakes10.3. Individuals migrate in response to changes in the environment Migration and changing resources Resource variation and migration in neotropical birds Heritability of migration behavior in Eurasian blackcaps The evolution of migration: a model Competition and migratory behavior of newts Maintenance of polymorphism in migratory behavior Alternative migratory behaviors in dippers: test of hypotheses10.4 Environmental cues and compass systems are used for orientation when migrating Compass systems Antennae and the sun compass system in monarchs The magnetic compass in sea turtles Multimodal orientation10.5 Bicoordinate navigation allows individuals to identify their location relative to a goal Bicoordinate navigation and magnetic maps in sea turtles Bicoordinate navigation in birds Homing migration in salmonFeatures Scientific Process 10.1. Breeding dispersal in dragonflies Scientific Process 10.2. The role of the antennae in the monarch butterfly sun compass Applying the Concepts 10.1. Bird migration and global climate change Applying the Concepts 10.2. Citizen scientists track fall migration flyways of monarch butterflies Applying the Concepts 10.3. Human magnetic orientation Toolbox 10.1. Emlen funnelsChapter 11. Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression11.1. Resource availability and the presence of others can influence habitat selection The ideal free distribution model The ideal free distribution model and guppies The ideal free distribution model and pike Cuckoos assess habitat quality Conspecific attraction Conspecific attraction and Allee effects in grasshoppers Conspecific cueing in American redstarts11.2. Individual condition and environmental factors affect territoriality Body condition affects territoriality in damselflies Environmental factors and territory size in parrotfish11.3. Hormones influence aggression Winner-challenge effect in the California mouse Challenge hypothesis and bystanders in fish Juvenile hormone and wasp aggression 11.411.4 Game theory models explain how the decisions of opponents and resource value affect fighting behavior The hawk-dove model Wrestling behavior in red-spotted newts Game theory assessment models Fiddler crab contests over burrowsFeatures Scientific Process 11.1. Ideal free guppies Scientific Process 11.2. Conspecific attraction in grasshoppers Applying the Concepts 11.1. Conspecific attraction and conservation Applying the Concepts 11.2. Human aggression, testosterone, and sports Applying the Concepts 11.3. Reducing duration and intensity of piglet fights Toolbox 11.1 The hawk-dove modelChapter 12. Mating Behavior12.1. Sexual selection favors characteristics that enhance reproductive success Why two sexes? Bateman's hypothesis and parental investment Weapon size and mating success in dung beetles Ornaments and mate choice in peafowl Male mate choice in pipefish The origin of sexually selected traits: the sensory bias hypothesis in guppies12.2. Females select males to obtain direct material benefits Female choice and nuptial gifts in fireflies Female choice and territory quality in lizards12.3. Female mate choice can evolve via indirect benefits to offspring Fisherian runaway and good genes Mate choice for good genes in tree frogs Good genes and immune system function in birds Mate choice fitness benefits in spiders12.4. Sexual selection can also occur after mating Mate guarding in warblers Sperm competition in tree swallows Cryptic female choice Inbreeding avoidance via cryptic female choice in spiders12.5. Mate choice by females favors alternative reproductive tactics in males The evolution of alternative reproductive tactics Conditional satellite males in tree frogs ESS and sunfish sneaker males12.6. Mate choice is affected by the mating decisions of others Mate copying in guppies Mate copying in fruit flies The benefit of mate copying Nonindependent mate choice by male mosquitofishFeatures Scientific Process 12.1. Male mate choice in pipefish Scientific Process 12.2. Mate copying in fruit flies Applying the Concepts 12.1. Mate choice in conservation breeding programs Applying the Concepts 12.2. Human mate choice copyingChapter 13. Mating Systems13.1 Sexual conflict and environmental conditions affect the evolution of mating systems The evolution of mating systems Mating systems in reed warblers13.2 Biparental care favors the evolution of monogamy California mouse monogamy Monogamy and biparental care in poison frogs Monogamy without biparental care: snapping shrimp13.3 Polygyny and polyandry evolve when one sex can defend multiple mates or the resources they seek Female defense polygyny in horses Resource defense polygyny in blackbirds Resource defense polygyny in carrion beetles Male dominance polygyny: the evolution of leks-hotspots or hotshots? Lekking behavior in the great snipe Peafowl leks Polyandry and sex-role reversal13.4 The presence of social associations distinguishes polygynandry from promiscuity Polygynandry in European badgers Promiscuity and scramble competition: seaweed flies and red squirrels13.5 Social and genetic mating systems differ when extra-pair mating occurs Extra-pair mating in juncos Marmot extra-pair matingFeatures Scientific Process 13.1. Biparental care and monogamy in poison frogs Applying the Concepts 13.1. Mating systems and conservation translocation programs Applying the Concepts. 13.2. Human mating systems Toolbox 13.1. DNA fingerprintingChapter 14. Parental Care14.1 Parental care varies among species and reflects life history trade-offs Life history variation in fish14.2 Sexual conflict is the basis for sex-biased parental care Female-biased parental care Paternity uncertainty and parental care in boobies The evolution of male-only care Paternity uncertainty and male-only care in sunfish Paternity assurance and male care in water bugs14.3 Parental care involves fitness trade-offs between current and future reproduction Parent-offspring conflict theory Predation risk and parental care in golden egg bugs Egg guarding and opportunity costs of parental care in frogs Current versus future reproduction in treehoppers Incubation of eider eggs as a trade-off Brood reduction and parent-offspring conflict Hatch asynchrony and brood reduction in blackbirds Brood reduction in fur seals14.4 Brood parasitism reduces the cost of parental care and can result in a co-evolutionary arms race Conspecific brood parasitism in ducks Interspecific brood parasitism and co-evolution Acceptance or rejection of brown-headed cowbird eggs by hosts14.5 Hormones regulate parental care Prolactin and maternal care in rats Prolactin and incubation in penguins Juvenile hormones and parental care in earwigsFeatures Scientific Process 14.1. Paternity certainty and parental care in bluegill sunfish Scientific Process 14.2. Parental care costs in eiders Scientific Process 14.3. Brood reduction in blackbirds Applying the Concepts 14.1. Human life history trade-off Applying the Concepts 14.2. Smallmouth bass defend their nests from exotic predators Applying the Concepts 14.3. Food supplementation reduces brood reduction in endangered eaglesChapter 15. Sociality15.1 Sociality evolves when the net benefits of close associations exceed the costs Foraging benefits: reduced search times for food in minnows Antipredator benefits: vigilance in mixed-species flocks Movement benefits: efficient aerodynamics in flight The costs of sociality Group size and food competition in red colobus and red-tailed guenons Sociality and disease transmission in guppies15.2 Dominance hierarchies reduce the social costs of aggression Dominance hierarchies and crayfish Stable dominance hierarchies in baboons15.3 Kin selection favors cooperation among relatives Hamilton's rule Belding ground squirrel alarm calls Altruism in turkeys Kin discrimination Kin discrimination via direct familiarization in sticklebacks Kin discrimination via indirect familiarization in cockroaches15.4 Kinship and ecological constraints favor cooperative reproduction The evolution of cooperative breeding in vertebrates Cooperative breeding in meerkats Helpers at the nest: cooperative reproduction in long-tailed tits Habitat saturation: helping behavior in Seychelles warblers Social queuing in clownfish Eusocial insects: the evolution of sterile castes Haplodiploidy hypothesis Kin selection and the ecological constraint hypothesis Division of labor hypothesis in ant castes15.5 Cooperative behavior among unrelated individuals involves byproduct mutualisms or reciprocity Direct reciprocity Food sharing in vampire bats Allogrooming in Japanese macaques Tit-for-tat in red-winged blackbirds Indirect reciprocity Reputations and cleaner fish Chimpanzee image scoresFeatures Scientific Process 15.1. Chimpanzee image scoring Applying the Concepts 15.1. Group size of social species in captivity Applying the Concepts 15.2. Human altruism and reputations Glossary: Bibliography: Answers to Selected Questions: Answers to EVALUATE Feature for all SP Boxes: Index:
