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Architecture and Function of Complex Systems
System architecture is the study of early decision making in complex systems. This text teaches how to capture experience and analysis about early system decisions, and how to choose architectures that meet stakeholder needs, integrate easily, and evolve flexibly. With case studies written by leading practitioners, from hybrid cars to communications networks to aircraft, this text showcases the science and art of system architecture.
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
PART 1: SYSTEM THINKING
1. Introduction to System Architecture
Architecture of Complex Systems
The Advantages of Good Architecture
Learning Objectives
Organization of the Text
References
2. System Thinking
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Systems and Emergence
2.3 Task 1: Identify the System, Its Form, and Its Function
2.4 Task 2: Identify Entities of a System, Their Form, and Their Function
2.5 Task 3: Identify the Relationships among the Entities
2.6 Task 4: Emergence
2.7 Summary
References
3. Thinking about Complex Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Complexity in Systems
3.3 Decomposition of Systems
3.4 Special Logical Relationships
3.5 Reasoning through Complex Systems
3.6 Architecture Representation Tools: SysML and OPM
3.7 Summary
References
PART 2: ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
4. Form
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Form in Architecture
4.3 Analysis of Form in Architecture
4.4 Analysis of Formal Relationships in Architecture
4.5 Formal Context
4.6 Form in Software Systems
4.7 Summary
References
5. Function
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Function in Architecture
5.3 Analysis of External Function and Value
5.4 Analysis of Internal Function
5.5 Analysis of Functional Interactions and Functional Architecture
5.6 Secondary Value-Related External and Internal Functions
5.7 Summary
References
6. System Architecture
6.1 Introduction
6.2 System Architecture: Form and Function
6.3 Non-idealities, Supporting Layers, and Interfaces in System Architecture
6.4 Operational Behavior
6.5 Reasoning about Architecture Using Representations
6.6 Summary
References
7. Solution-Neutral Function and Concepts
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Identifying the Solution-Neutral Function
7.3 Concept
7.4 Integrated Concepts
7.5 Concepts of Operations and Services
7.6 Summary
References
8. From Concept to Architecture
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Developing the Level 1 Architecture
8.3 Developing the Level 2 Architecture
8.4 Home Data Network Architecture at Level
8.5 Modularizing the System at Level
8.6 Summary
References
PART 3: CREATING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
9. The Role of the Architect
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ambiguity and the Role of the Architect
9.3 The Product Development Process
9.4 Summary
References
10. Upstream and Downstream Influences on System Architecture
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Upstream Influence: Corporate Strategy
10.3 Upstream Influence: Marketing
10.4 U pstream Influence: Regulation and Pseudo-Regulatory Influences
10.5 Upstream Influence: Technology Infusion
10.6 Downstream Influence: Implementation—Coding, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain Management
10.7 Downstream Influence: Operations
10.8 Downstream Influence: Design for X
10.9 Downstream Influence: Product and System Evolution, and Product Families
10.10 The Product Case: Architecture Business Case Decision (ABCD)
10.11 Summary
References
11. Translating Needs into Goals
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Identifying Beneficiaries and Stakeholders
11.3 Characterizing Needs
11.4 Interpreting Needs as Goals
11.5 Prioritizing Goals
11.6 Summary
References
12. Applying Creativity to Generating a Concept
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Applying Creativity to Concept
12.3 Develop the Concepts
12.4 Expand the Concepts and Develop the Concept Fragments
12.5 Evolve and Refine the Integrated Concepts
12.6 Select a Few Integrated Concepts for Further Development
12.7 Summary
References
13. Decomposition as a Tool for Managing Complexity
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Understanding Complexity
13.3 Managing Complexity
13.4 Summary
References
PART 4: ARCHITECTURE AS DECISIONS
14. System Architecture as a Decision-Making Process
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Formulating the Apollo Architecture Decision Problem
14.3 Decisions and Decision Support
14.4 Four Main Tasks of Decision Support Systems
14.5 Basic Decision Support Tools
14.6 Decision Support for System Architecture
14.7 Summary
References
15. Reasoning about Architectural Tradespaces
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Tradespace Basics
15.3 The Pareto Frontier
15.4 Structure of the Tradespace
15.5 Sensitivity Analysis
15.6 Organizing Architectural Decisions
15.7 Summary
References
16. Formulating and Solving System Architecture Optimization Problems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Formulating a System Architecture Optimization Problem
16.3 NEOSS Example: An Earth Observing Satellite System for NASA
16.4 Patterns in System Architecting Decisions
16.5 Formulating a Large-scale System Architecture Problem
16.6 Solving System Architecture Optimization Problems
16.7 Summary
References
Appendices
Chapter Problems
Index
