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The one-stop guide to modern networking for every VMware (R) administrator, engineer, and architectNow that virtualization has blurred the lines between networking and servers, many VMware specialists need a stronger understanding of networks than they may have gained in earlier IT roles. Networking for VMware Administrators fills this crucial knowledge gap. Writing for VMware professionals, Christopher Wahl and Steve Pantol illuminate the core concepts of modern networking, and show how to apply them in designing, configuring, and troubleshooting any virtualized network environment.Drawing on their extensive experience with a wide range of virtual network environments, the authors address physical networking, switching, storage networking, and several leading virtualization scenarios, including converged infrastructure.Teaching through relevant examples, they focus on foundational concepts and features that will be valuable for years to come. To support rapid learning and mastery, they present clear learning objectives, questions, problems, a complete glossary, and extensive up-to-date references.Coverage includes:* The absolute basics: network models, layers, and interfaces, and why they matter* Building networks that are less complex, more modular, and fully interoperable* Improving your virtual network stack: tips, tricks, and techniques for avoiding common pitfalls* Collaborating more effectively with network and storage professionals* Understanding Ethernet, Advanced Layer 2, Layer 3, and modern converged infrastructure* Mastering virtual switching and understanding how it differs from physical switching* Designing and operating vSphere standard and distributed switching* Working with third-party switches, including Cisco Nexus 1000V* Creating powerful, resilient virtual networks to handle critical storage network traffic* Deploying rackmount servers with 1 Gb and 10 Gb Ethernet* Virtualizing blade servers with converged traffic and virtual NICsChristopher Wahl has acquired well over a decade of IT experience in enterprise infrastructure design, implementation, and administration. He has provided architectural and engineering expertise in a variety of virtualization, data center, and private cloud based engagements while working with high performance technical teams in tiered data center environments. He currently holds the title of Senior Technical Architect at Ahead, a consulting firm based out of Chicago.Steve Pantol has spent the last 14 years wearing various technical hats, with the last seven or so focused on assorted VMware technologies. He is a Senior Technical Architect at Ahead, working to build better datacenters and drive adoption of cloud technologies.
Contents
Foreword xixIntroduction xxiPart I Physical Networking 101Chapter 1 The Very Basics 1Key Concepts 1Introduction 1Reinventing the Wheel 2Summary 6Chapter 2 A Tale of Two Network Models 7Key Concepts 7Introduction 7Model Behavior 9Layering 9Encapsulation 9The OSI Model 10The TCP/IP Model 12The Network Interface Layer 12The Internet Layer 13The Transport Layer 14The Application Layer 14Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models 15Summary 16Chapter 3 Ethernet Networks 17Key Concepts 17Introduction 17Ethernet 18History and Theory of Operation 18Ethernet Standards and Cable Types 19Ethernet Addressing 23Extending Ethernet Segments: Repeaters, Hubs, and Switches 24Switching Logic 25Summary 26Chapter 4 Advanced Layer 2 27Key Concepts 27Introduction 27Concepts 28Trunking 30Loop Avoidance and Spanning Tree 32Spanning Tree Overview 32PortFast 35Rapid Spanning Tree 35Link Aggregation 36What Is Link Aggregation? 36Dynamic Link Aggregation 39Load Distribution Types 41Summary 42Reference 43Chapter 5 Layer 3 45Key Concepts 45Introduction 45The Network Layer 46Routing and Forwarding 46Connected, Static, and Dynamic Routes 46The Gateway of Last Resort 47IP Addressing and Subnetting 47Classful Addressing 48Classless Addressing 48Reserved Addresses 50Network Layer Supporting Applications 50DHCP 50DNS 51ARP 51Ping 52Summary 52Chapter 6 Converged Infrastructure 53Key Concepts 53Introduction 53Concepts 54Converged Infrastructure Advantages 54Examples 55Cisco UCS 55HP BladeSystem 57Nutanix Virtual Computing Platform 59Summary 60Part II Virtual SwitchingChapter 7 How Virtual Switching Differs from Physical Switching 61Key Concepts 61Introduction 61Physical and Virtual Switch Comparison 62Similarities 62Differences 63Switching Decisions 63Physical Uplinks 65Host Network Interface Card (NIC) 65Virtual Ports 66Virtual Machine NICs 67VMkernel Ports 67Service Console 67VLANs 68External Switch Tagging (EST) 68Virtual Switch Tagging (VST) 68Virtual Guest Tagging (VGT) 69Summary 70Chapter 8 vSphere Standard Switch 71Key Concepts 71Introduction 71The vSphere Standard Switch 72Plane English 72Control Plane 72Data Plane 73vSwitch Properties 73Ports 73Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) 74Security 75Promiscuous Mode 75MAC Address Changes 76Forged Transmits 77Discovery 78Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 79Traffic Shaping 80Traffic Shaping Math 82NIC Teaming 82Load Balancing 83Network Failure Detection 84Notify Switches 86Failback 86Failover Order 87Hierarchy Overrides 87VMkernel Ports 88Port Properties and Services 88IP Addresses 89VM Port Groups 90Summary 91Chapter 9 vSphere Distributed Switch 93Key Concepts 93Introduction to the vSphere Distributed Switch 93Control Plane 94Handling vCenter Failure 94Data Plane 96Monitoring 96Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 97Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) 97NetFlow 98Port Mirroring 101Private VLANs 105Primary VLAN 106Promiscuous VLAN 106Secondary VLANs 106Community VLANs 107Isolated VLAN 108Distributed Port Groups 108VMkernel Ports 109Virtual Machines 110Traffic Shaping 111Egress 111Load Balancing 112Route Based on Physical NIC Load 112Network I/O Control 115Network Resource Pools 116Shares 117User-Defined Network Resource Pools 119Summary 120Chapter 10 Third Party Switches-1000V 121Key Concepts 121Introduction 121Integration with vSphere 122Architectural Differences 123Virtual Supervisor Module 124Port Profiles 126Virtual Ethernet Module 128Layer 2 Mode 129Nexus 1000V in Layer 3 Mode 130VEM Maximums 132Advanced Features 132A Comment on Nexus OS 132Licensed Modes of Operation 132Essential Edition 133Advanced Edition 133Summary 134Chapter 11 Lab Scenario 135Key Concepts 135Introduction 135Building a Virtual Network 135Architectural Decisions 136Network Design 136Host Design 137Data Traffic Design for Virtual Machines 138Lab Scenario 139Summary 143Chapter 12 Standard vSwitch Design 145Key Concepts 145Introduction 145Standard vSwitch Design 146Sample Use Case 146Naming Conventions 147Ensuring Quality of Service 149Network Adapters 151Virtual Machine Traffic 153Virtual Machine Port Groups 153Failover Order 156VMkernel Ports 158Management 158vMotion 161Fault Tolerance 166NFS Storage 168VMkernel Failover Overview 170Final Tuning 172Confi guring Additional vSphere Hosts 173Summary 173Chapter 13 Distributed vSwitch Design 175Key Concepts 175Introduction 175Distributed vSwitch Design 176Use Case 176Naming Conventions 177Ensuring Quality of Service 178Network IO Control 178Priority Tagging with 802.1p 180Differentiated Service Code Point 181Creating the Distributed vSwitch 182Network Adapters 185Distributed Port Groups for Virtual Machines 186Load Based Teaming 188Distributed Port Groups for VMkernel Ports 190Management 191vMotion 193Fault Tolerance 194iSCSI Storage 195VMkernel Failover Overview 196Adding vSphere Hosts 198Creating VMkernel Ports 204Moving the vCenter Virtual Machine 208Final Steps 212Health Check 212Network Discovery Protocol 214Other Design Considerations 215Fully Automated Design 215Hybrid Automation Design 216Which Is Right? 216Summary 216Part III You Got Your Storage in My Networking: IP StorageChapter 14 iSCSI General Use Cases 219Key Concepts 219Introduction 219Understanding iSCSI 220Lossless Versus Best Effort Protocols 220Priority-Based Flow Control 220VLAN Isolation 222iSCSI with Jumbo Frames 222iSCSI Components 223Initiators 224Targets 224Naming 225Security with CHAP 227iSCSI Adapters 229Software iSCSI Adapter 230Dependent Hardware iSCSI Adapters 231Independent Hardware iSCSI Adapters 232iSCSI Design 233NIC Teaming 234Network Port Binding 236Multiple vSwitch Design 236Single vSwitch Design 238Boot from iSCSI 239Summary 241Chapter 15 iSCSI Design and Confi guration 243Key Concepts 243Introduction 243iSCSI Design 244Use Case 244Naming Conventions 245Network Addresses 246vSwitch Confi guration 247iSCSI Distributed Port Groups 247VMkernel Ports 250Network Port Binding 254Jumbo Frames 256Adding iSCSI Devices 258iSCSI Server and Targets 258Authentication with CHAP 261Creating VMFS Datastores 263Path Selection Policy 265Summary 267Chapter 16 NFS General Use Cases 269Key Concepts 269Introduction 269Understanding NFS 269Lossless Versus Best Effort Protocols 270VLAN Isolation 271NFS with Jumbo Frames 271NFS Components 272Exports 272Daemons 272Mount Points 273Security with ACLs 275Network Adapters 276NFS Design 276Single Network 277Multiple Networks 278Link Aggregation Group 280Summary 283Chapter 17 NFS Design and Confi guration 285Key Concepts 285Introduction 285NFS Design 285Use Case 286Naming Conventions 286Network Addresses 287vSwitch Confi guration 288NFS vSwitch 288Network Adapters 290VMkernel Ports 291Mounting NFS Storage 294Summary 296Part IV Other Design ScenariosChapter 18 Additional vSwitch Design Scenarios 297Key Concepts 297Introduction 297Use Case 298Naming Standards 298Two Network Adapters 299With Ethernet-based Storage 299Without Ethernet-based Storage 300Four Network Ports 300With Ethernet-based Storage 300Without Ethernet-based Storage 301Six Network Ports 302With Ethernet-based Storage-Six 1 Gb 303Without Ethernet-based Storage-Six 1 Gb 304With Ethernet-based Storage-Four 1 Gb + Two 10 Gb 304Without Ethernet-based Storage-Four 1 Gb + Two 10 Gb 305Eight Network Adapters 306With Ethernet-based Storage-Eight 1 Gb 306Without Ethernet-based Storage-Eight 1 Gb 307With Ethernet-based Storage-Four 1 Gb + Four 10 Gb 308Without Ethernet-based Storage-Four 1 Gb + Four 10 Gb 309Summary 310Chapter 19 Multi-NIC vMotion Architecture 311Key Concepts 311Introduction 311Multi-NIC vMotion Use Cases 312Design 312Verifying Available Bandwidth 313Controlling vMotion Traffi c 314Distributed vSwitch Design 314Standard vSwitch Design 317Upstream Physical Switch Design 317Confi guring Multi-NIC vMotion 318Distributed Port Groups 318VMkernel Ports 320Traffic Shaping 321Summary 322Appendix A Networking for VMware Administrators: The VMware User Group 323The VMware User Group 323Index 325
