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"This accessible and immediately useful book expertly provides the Xen community with everything it needs to know to download, build, deploy and manage Xen implementations."-Ian Pratt, Xen Project Leader VP Advanced Technology, Citrix SystemsThe Real-World, 100% Practical Guide to Xen Virtualization in Production EnvironmentsUsing free, open source Xen virtualization software, you can save money, gain new flexibility, improve utilization, and simplify everything from disaster recovery to software testing. Running Xen brings together all the knowledge you need to create and manage high-performance Xen virtual machines in any environment. Drawing on the unparalleled experience of a world-class Xen team, it covers everything from installation to administration-sharing field-tested insights, best practices, and case studies you can find nowhere else.The authors begin with a primer on virtualization: its concepts, uses, and advantages. Next, they tour Xen's capabilities, explore the Xen LiveCD, introduce the Xen hypervisor, and walk you through configuring your own hard-disk-based Xen installation. After you're running, they guide you through each leading method for creating "guests" and migrating existing systems to run as Xen guests. Then they offer comprehensive coverage of managing and securing Xen guests, devices, networks, and distributed resources. Whether you're an administrator, data center manager, developer, system integrator, or ISP, Running Xen will help you achieve your goals with Xen-reliably, efficiently, with outstanding performance, and at a surprisingly low cost.*Understanding the Xen hypervisor: what it does, and how it works*Using pre-built system images, including compressed file systems*Managing domains with the xm console*Populating and storing guest images*Planning, designing, and configuring networks in Xen*Utilizing Xen security: special purpose VMs, virtual network segments, remote access, firewalls, network monitors, sHype access control, Xen Security Modules (XSM), and more*Managing guest resources: memory, CPU, and I/O*Employing Xen in the enterprise: tools, products, and techniques
Contents
Foreword xxiPreface xxiiiChapter 1: Xen-Background and Virtualization Basics 1Common Uses and Benefits of Virtualization 2Types of Virtualization 5Emulation 6Full Virtualization 7Paravirtualization 8Operating System Level Virtualization 9Other Types of Virtualization 11Overview of Virtualization Types 12Virtualization Heritage 13The IBM Mainframe 14Virtualization on Commodity Hardware 15Virtualization Extensions for x86 15Xen Origins and Time Line 15Other Virtualization Systems for Commodity Hardware 18Emulation 18Full Virtualization 19Paravirtualization 21Operating System Virtualization 23Popular Virtualization Products 24Summary 25References and Further Reading 26Chapter 2: A Quick Tour with the Xen LiveCD 27Running the LiveCD 28Step 1: Downloading the LiveCD Image and Creating the CD 29Step 2: Choosing a Domain0 Image from the GRUB Menu 30Step 3: Logging In and the Desktop 31Step 4: Creating Guests 33Step 5: Deleting a Guest 38Step 6: Interacting with Your Guests 38Step 7: Testing Your Networking 41Too Many Guests 44Summary 44References and Further Reading 45Chapter 3: The Xen Hypervisor 47Xen Hypervisor 48A Privileged Position 50Protection Rings 50Domain0 51Xen Boot Options 54Choosing an OS for Domain0 59xend 60Controlling xend 60xend Logs 62xend Configuration 63XenStore 67Summary 73References and Further Reading 73Chapter 4: Hardware Requirements and Installation of Xen Domain0 75Xen Domain0 Processor Requirements 76Intel VT 77AMD-V 77HVM 78Hardware Device Support and Recommendations 78Disks and Controllers 78Networking Devices 80Graphics Devices 80Power Management 81Help for Unsupported Hardware 81Memory Requirements 81Choosing and Obtaining a Version of Xen 83Open Source Distributions 83Commercially Supported Options 84Methods of Installing Domain0 Hosts 86Common Prerequisite: The Grand Unified Boot Loader (GRUB) 87Linux Distributions 87OpenSUSE 88CentOS 91Ubuntu 98Xen from Binary Packages 101Gentoo 105XenExpress 112Non-Linux Domain0 Installations 114Building from Source 116Summary 118References and Further Reading 118Chapter 5: Using Prebuilt Guest Images 121Introduction to DomU Guests 122Guest Images 122Operating System Kernels 123Configuration Files 123Working with Prebuilt Guest Images 128Types of Guest Images 128Downloading Prebuilt Guest Images 130Mounting and Booting Prebuilt Images 131Downloading Compressed File Guest Images 146Converting Images from Other Virtualization Platforms 161Summary 162References and Further Reading 163Chapter 6: Managing Unprivileged Domains 165Introduction to the xm Utility 166Prerequisites for Running the xm Utility 166Generic Format of an xm Command 167The xm list Subcommand 169Basic List Information 169Listing Information about a Specific Guest 171long Option 172Label Option 173The xm create Subcommand 174Prerequisites for xm create 174Simple Examples of xm create 175Guest Configuration Files 178Python Format 178Common Configuration Options 179S-Expression (SXP) Format 180Path to Configuration Files 181Diagnosing Problems with Guest Creation 182Dry Run 182Console Output 183Sample Problems 184Automatically Starting DomUs 191Shutting Down Guest Domains 193xm shutdown 193xm reboot 196xm destroy 198Pausing Domains 199xm pause 200xm unpause 200Interacting with a Guest Nongraphically 201xm console 202SSH 204Interacting with a Guest Graphically 204X Forwarding with SSH 205Configuration of SSH Server and Client 205VNC 207Virtual Frame Buffer and Integrated VNC/SDL Libraries 210Freenx 212Remote Desktop 213Summary 215References and Further Reading 216Chapter 7: Populating Guest Images 217Hardware Virtual Machine (HVM) Guest Population 218Populating a Guest Image from a Disc or Disc Image (Windows XP Example) 218Automated Population with virt-install 225Paravirtualized (PV) Guest Population 228OpenSUSE: YaST Virtual Machine Management 229CentOS/Fedora: virt-manager 233Debian/Ubuntu: debootstrap 242Gentoo: quickpkg and domi Scripts 246Xen Express 256Guest Image Customization 266Customizing Hostnames 266Customizing Users 267Customizing Packages and Services 268Customizing the File System Table (/etc/fstab) 268Converting Existing Installations 270Summary 274References and Further Reading 274Chapter 8: Storing Guest Images 277Logical Volumes 278Basic LVM Usage 279Resizing Images 282Image Snapshots Using Copy on Write 286Network Image Storage Options 287iSCSI 288ATA over Ethernet (AoE) 293NFS 297Comparing Network Storage Options 300Guest Image Files 301Preparing Compressed tar Image Files 301Preparing Disk Image Files 302Preparing Guest Partition Image Files 312Mounting Disks and Partition Images 314Summary 316References and Further Reading 316Chapter 9: Device Virtualization and Management 319Device Virtualization 320Paravirtualization of Devices 320Full Virtualization of Devices 321No Virtualization 321Backends and Frontends 322Backend Information in XenStore 323Frontend Information in XenStore 325Granting Control of a PCI Device 326Identifying a PCI Device 326Hiding a PCI Device from Domain0 at Boot 327Manually Unbinding/Binding a PCI Device at Runtime 328Granting a PCI Device to Another Domain 329Exclusive Device Access Versus Trusted Driver Domains 331Exclusive Device Access 331Trusted Driver Domains 332Problems Using Trusted Driver Domains 333Device Emulation with QEMU-DM 334Future Directions 335More Devices 336Smart Devices 336Summary 336References and Further Reading 337Chapter 10: Network Configuration 339Network Virtualization Overview 340Designing a Virtual Network Topology 341Bridging, Routing, and Network Address Translation 343Frontend and Backend Network Drivers and Naming 347Overview of Network Configuration in Xen 349High-Level Steps 349Xend Configuration File 350Guest Domain's Configuration File 352Details of Bridging Mode 354Bridging Configuration Example 355Testing Results 361Details of Routing Mode 364Routing Configuration Example 365Testing Results 371Details of NAT Mode 373NAT Configuration Example 373Testing Results 379Configuring Purely Virtual Network Segments 382Configuring dummy0 383Testing dummy0 385Configuring Dummy Bridge 385Testing Dummy Bridge 388Assigning MAC Addresses to Virtual Network Interfaces 389MAC Addresses 389Specifying or Generating a MAC Address for a Guest Domain 390Assigning IP Addresses 391Using an External DHCP Server to Obtain an IP for a Guest Domain 392Manually Assigning an IP to a Guest Domain 392Using an Internal DHCP Server to Obtain an IP for a Guest Domain 393Handling Multiple Network Interfaces in a Domain 394Handling Multiple Network Interfaces in a driver domain 394Handling Multiple Network Interfaces in a Guest Domain 396vnet-Domain Virtual Network 399Installing vnet 400Running vnet 401Summary 403References and Further Reading 403Chapter 11: Securing a Xen System 405Structuring Your System for Security 406Special Purpose Virtual Machines 406Creating Virtual Network Segments 407Securing the Privileged Domain 407Removing Software and Services 407Limiting Remote Access 408Limiting the Local Users 412Move Device Drivers into DriverDomains 412Firewall and Network Monitors 413Running a Firewall with iptables 413Snort 419Obtaining Snort 419Snort and Network Intrusion Detection Mode 420Mandatory Access Control with sHype and Xen Security Modules 422sHype 423Xen Security Modules (XSM) 432DomU Security 433Running VMs Only When Needed 434Backing Up Virtual Machine Images 434Summary 435References and Further Reading 436Chapter 12: Managing Guest Resources 437Accessing Information about Guests and the Hypervisor 438xm info 438xm dmesg 443xm log 444xm top 446xm uptime 449Allocating Guest Memory 449Shadow Page Tables 451Balloon Driver 451Improving Stability with Swap Space 454Managing the Allocation of Guest Memory 454Managing Guest Virtual CPUs 458Comparing Virtual, Logical, and Physical Processors 458HVM VCPU Management 459VCPU Subcommands 460When to Manually Administer VCPUs 462Tuning the Hypervisor Scheduler 463Weight and Cap 463Protection from Misbehaving Guests 464Using the Credit Scheduler Command 465Choosing a Guest IO Scheduler 466Noop Scheduler 466Deadline Scheduler 466Anticipatory Scheduler (as) 467Complete Fair Queuing Scheduler (cfq) 467Using IO Schedulers 467Summary 469References and Further Reading 469Chapter 13: Guest Save, Restore, and Live Migration 471Representing the State of a Virtual Machine 472Basic Guest Domain Save and Restore 473xm save 474xm restore 476Possible Save and Restore Errors 478Types of Guest Relocation 479Cold Static Relocation 480Warm Static (Regular) Migration 481Live Migration 482Preparing for xm migrate 484Configuring xend 485Proximity of Sources and Destinations on the Network 488Network-Accessible Storage 489Guest Domain Configuration 489Version and Physical Resource Requirements 491Experience with xm migrate 491xm migrate 491Using xm migrate for Warm Static Migration 492Using xm migrate for Live Migration 494Possible Migration Errors 497Summary 498References and Further Reading 498Chapter 14: An Overview of Xen Enterprise Management Tools 499Programmatic Interfaces to the Xen Hypervisor 500Libvirt 500Xen-CIM 501Xen API 501Legacy Interfaces to Xend 502Citrix XenServer Enterprise, Standard and XenExpress Editions 502Virtual Iron 504IBM Virtualization Manager 506Enomalism 507virt-manager 509XenMan 513Managing Multiple Systems 518Summary 518References and Further Reading 519Appendix A: Resources 521Xen Community 522XenWiki 523Xen Mailing Lists and Bug Reporting 524Xen Summits 525Xen Source Code 526Academic Papers and Conferences 528Distribution-Specific Resources 530Appendix B: The xm Command 531Appendix C: Xend Configuration Parameter 537Appendix D: Guest Configuration Parameter 541Appendix E: Xen Performance Evaluation 545Xen Performance Measurements 546Repeatability of the Xen Team's Results 546Xen and Virtual Web Hosting 548Comparing XenoLinux to Native Linux on Older PC Hardware 550Xen on x86 Versus IBM zServer 551Performance Isolation in Xen 553Performance of Xen Virtual Network and Real Network 556Summary 558Index 559
