Human Biological Diversity : An Introduction to Human Biology （1ST）

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Brown, Daniel E.

Taylor & Francis（2009/09発売）

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製本 Paperback:紙装版/ペーパーバック版／ページ数 338 p.
言語 ENG
商品コード 9780130455710
DDC分類 612

Full Description

This text is intended for the sophomore level course in human variation/human biology taught in anthropology departments. It may also serve as a supplementary text in introductory physical anthropology courses.In addition to covering the standard topics for the course, it features contemporary topics in human biology such as the Human Genome Project, genetic engineering, the effects of stress, obesity and pollution.

Chapter 1Chapter SummaryChapter 2: Concepts of Evolution p.7A Brief History of Evolutionary IdeasIdeas About TimeWestern IdeasContemporary Western Views of TimeSome Non-Western Concepts of TimeThe Great Chain of BeingScientific Approaches to Evolution:Lamarck's Theory of EvolutionDarwin's Theory of EvolutionOffspring Resemble ParentsVariationOverpopulationNatural SelectionTypes of Evidence for EvolutionCreationists Vs. EvolutionistsAdaptationConcealmentMimicryA Human Example: High Altitude Adaptation in TibetImperfect AdaptationsPaleontologyBiogeographyComparative AnatomyHomologous Vs. Analogous StructuresVestigial StructuresComparative EmbryologyArtificial SelectionOther Evidence for EvolutionChapter SummaryChapter 3: Genetics and Microevolution p.26The Chemical Basis of LifeProteinsProtein StructureProtein FunctionNucleic AcidsDNA StructureDNA functionDuplication of DNADirection of Protein SynthesisMessenger RNARibosomesTransfer RNAGeneticsSexual ReproductionMitosisMeiosisMendelian GeneticsAlleles Vs. LociPrinciple of DominancePrinciple of SegregationPrinciple of Independent AssortmentGenotype and PhenotypeConsequences of Mendel's PrinciplesSex ChromosomesComplex TraitsMutationsMicroevolutionIntroduction to Population GeneticsFrequenciesHardy-Weinberg EquilibriumForces of EvolutionSelectionTypes of SelectionMutationGenetic LoadMigration and Gene FlowGenetic DriftAssortative MatingThe Synthetic Theory of EvolutionChapter SummaryChapter 4: Molecular Genetics, Genomics and Human Genetics p.48A Closer Look at ChromosomesCharacteristics of ChromosomesChromosome StructureChromosome Structure and FunctionRegulatory Regions of DNASpecial Features on ChromosomesOther Types of Repeated DNA SequencesChromosome MappingLinkage MapsLinkage Maps of the X ChromosomeMapping By Means of RFLPsMicrosatellites in MappingDNA SequencingPolymerase Chain ReactionEpigeneticsMethylation of DNAImprintingIn Utero EffectsExtrachomosomal GeneticsRNA ProcessingIntrons and ExonsOther mRNA ProcessingWhy the Complexity?When Things Go WrongMitochondrial DNAOrigins of MitochondriaMitochondrial DNAChloroplast DNATracing Genetic Variability and FunctionGenetic VariabilitySingle Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)Oligonucleotide Hybridization AnalysisDNA ChipsOther Allele DifferencesUnderstanding Gene FunctionGene InactivationRNA InterferenceGene OverexpressionA Brief Look at Quantitative GeneticsBasis of Quantitative GeneticsHeritabilityHuman Genetics and the Human GenomeFamily Studies in Human GeneticsTwin StudiesAdoption StudiesThe Human GenomeThe Human Genome ProjectThe Next Step?Chapter SummaryChapter 5: Macroevolution and Taxonomy p.66TaxonomySpecies and SpeciationSpeciesSibling Species and "Semispecies"SpeciationAdaptive RadiationRapid Divergent Evolution in Overlapping Incipient SpeciesAnagenesisEvolutionary Significance of SpeciesTaxonomic Units Above the Species LevelGeneraFamiliesOrdersClassesPhylaKingdomsTwo Taxonomic Examples: People and DogsIntermediate Levels of TaxonomySubspecies or RacesTaxonomy DebatesMacroevolutionSome Highlights in the History of Life: An Anthropocentric ViewOrigin of the EarthEarliest LifeOrigin of the EukaryotesMulti-cellular LifeEarly VertebratesReptiles and BirdsMammalsPrimatesAnthropoidsThe Human Journay Early HominidsArdipithecus RamidusAustralopithecusHomo HabilisPlio-Pleistocene HominidsHomo ErectusHomo SapiensMacroevolutionary ProcessesTempo and Mode in EvolutionExtinctionMass ExtinctionsSurvivorsChapter SummaryChapter 6: "Race" and Human Variation in Physical Traits p. 89"Race""Race," Population, and Ethnic GroupClines Versus ClumpsA Short History of Western "Race" Concepts: AncientAncient Views of "Race"The Greek Myth of PhaethonGreek Humoral View of Human VariabilityBiblical View of "Races"Other Ancient Views of Human VariationWestern Views of "Race" in the 15th - 17th CenturiesA Short History of Race Concepts: ModernMonogenists Vs. Polygenists"Race" and RacismLamarck's Evolutionary Theory and "Race"Darwin and "Race"Successors to DarwinCarleton Coon and the Origin of "Races"The "New" Physical AnthropologyAmerican Anthropological Association Statement on "Race"Phenotypic Characteristics of Human VariabilityNature Versus NurtureHeritabilityHuman Pigmentation: Skin ColorMelaninBiochemistry of Melanin ProductionEnvironmental Effects on MelaninGenetics of Melanin ProductionOther Determinants of Skin ColorThe Measurement of Skin ColorIntra-Individual Variability in Skin ColorIs There Selective Value to Differential Skin Color?UV Radiation and Skin Color VariationSkin Color Variation and Vitamin D SynthesisSkin Color Variation and Folate PhotolysisSkin Color Variation and ConcealmentSkin Color as a "Racial" MarkerHuman Pigmentation: Hair and Eye ColorHair ColorAge and Hair ColorGenetics of Hair ColorAdaptive Value of Head Hair Color VariationEye ColorHair FormEpicanthic EyefoldsBody Size and ShapeHuman Variability in StatureSecular Trend in StatureShort Statured PopulationsHuman Variability in Body WeightThe Thrifty GenotypeBody Shape and ClimateTemporal Dimension of Body ShapeHead FormDermatoglyphicsSkeletal and Dental VariationAge Differences in the Skeleton and TeethSex Differences in the SkeletonIndividual Variation in Skeletal and Dental Features"Race" and IntelligenceWhat Is Intelligence?IQ Versus IntelligenceChanges in IQ TestsIQ and HeredityPopulation Differences in IQAsian-Americans Versus Euro-AmericansAfrican-Americans Versus Euro-AmericansThe Bell CurvePatterns of Human VariabilityChapter SummaryChapter 7: Genotypic Traits and the Tracing of Population Affiliations p.116Genotypic Traits Traditionally Used in Human BiologyBlood Groups: The ABO SystemBasics of the ABO SystemThe ABO AntigensGenetics of the ABO SystemConsequences of ABO VariationDistribution of ABO Allele FrequenciesThe MNSs Blood Group SystemsThe MN LocusDistribution of MN Alleles in Human PopulationsThe Ss LocusThe Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group SystemThe Genetics of the Rh SystemRh and Maternal-Fetal IncompatabilityThe Distribution of Rh PolymorphismsHemoglobin VariantsHemoglobin S and Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle-CellSickle-Cell and Falciparum MalariaBalanced PolymorphismComplexityThalassemiaThalassemia and MalariaHemoglobin EOther Variant HemoglobinsGlucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase DeficiencyGenetic Traits From Contemporary Molecular Biology Used in Human BiologyMajor Types of Molecular Genetic Studies Used in Human BiologyMitochondrial DNAY ChromosomeNuclear DNAUses for Human Molecular Genetics StudiesThe Genetic History of Homo SapiensHuman Genetic DiversityDating Divergences and Ancestry: The Molecular ClockGenetics and Human Population AffinitiesThe Human Genome Diversity ProjectGenetics and Human MigrationsOut of AfricaGenetic Data and the Origin of Modern HumansWhere Did Pacific Islanders Come From?The Express Train Or an Entangled Bank?The Peopling of AmericaDating American OriginsTracing the Origins of Specific Populations Through GeneticsThe RomaAfrican-American AdmixtureHow Do the Saami Relate to Other European Populations?The Ancestry of Papuan "Pygmoid" PopulationsGenetics and Disease RiskGenetics and the Notion of "Race"Chapter SummaryChapter 8: Demography: Populations, Reproduction and Mortality p.142Population EcologyPopulation GrowthSpecific Growth RateBiotic Potential and Environmental ResistanceIntrinsic Rate of Natural IncreasePopulation Growth CurvesCarrying CapacitySurvivorshipPopulation StructureAge Structure of PopulationsSex RatiosPopulation Ecology: Concluding RemarksDemography of Human PopulationsFertility and FecundityMale FecundityFemale FecundityAge and FecundityHypoxia and FecundityDisease and FecundityNutrition, Energetics and FecundityHigh Levels of Work and FecundityAdaptation and Reduced FecundityLactation and FecundityCultural Effects on FertilityMortalityMortality From a Global PerspectiveLife TablesCauses of MortalityMigrationHuman Population GrowthPopulation IncreaseGlobal Population GrowthRegional Population GrowthHuman Population StructureImplications of GrowthChapter SummaryChapter 9: Life Span: Growth and Development p.161The General Pattern of Human GrowthPrenatal GrowthEarly DevelopmentThe Embryonic PeriodThe Fetal PeriodEffects of Premature Birth or Disrupted Fetal DevelopmentGrowth After Birth: General PatternsWhole Body Growth PatternA Brief Aside on Sampling IssuesDistance, Velocity and Acceleration of GrowthThe Human Pattern of GrowthThe Three Stages of GrowthSaltational Nature of GrowthSex DifferencesGrowth of Specific Body PartsDevelopment of Specific SystemsNeurological DevelopmentImmunological DevelopmentReproductive System DevelopmentDevelopment of Selected Other SystemsDental DevelopmentSkeletal GrowthDevelopment of Adipose TissueGrowth After Birth: Population DifferencesEnvironmental Effects on GrowthSecular Trends in General GrowthWhy the Secular Trend in Growth?Negative Secular Trends in GrowthEffects of Undernutrition on GrowthEffects of Overnutrition on GrowthEffects of Disease on GrowthEffects of High Altitude Hypoxia on GrowthCatch Up GrowthGenetics and Population Growth DifferencesAfrican Short-Statured PopulationsShort-Statured Populations in Southeast AsiaGrowth and Development: A Final ConsiderationChapter SummaryChapter 10: Life Span: Aging and Senescence p.181The Biology of SenescenceAging at the Cellular LevelHayflick and Limits to MitosisThe Cell Membrane and Cytoskeleton in SenescenceAging and the MitochondrionAging and LysosomesAging at the Organismal LevelAging of the Musculoskeletal SystemAging and the Immune SystemAging and the Cardiovascular SystemAging and the Neurological SystemAging and the Reproductive SystemSuperficial Changes During SenescenceThe Hair CycleAging and the Hair CycleSkin AgingTheories of SenescenceMechanistic Theories of SenescenceOxidative DamageNonenzymatic GlycationCross-linkageMitochondrial ChangesTelomere ShorteningEvolutionary Theories of SenescenceTheory of Mutation AccumulationTheory of Antagonistic PleiotropyDisposable Soma TheorySelected System-Specific Senescence TheoriesMenopause and the Grandmother HypothesisThe Cognitive Reserve HypothesisConclusion: Theories of SenescenceThe Human Population Biology of SenescencePopulation Differences in Life SpanLife ExpectancyMaximum Life SpanSpecies Differences in Maximum Life SpanShangri-La or BustSardiniaSex Differences in SenescencePopulation Differences in Diseases Associated With SenescenceOsteoporosisOsteoarthritisSarcopeniaCardiovascular DiseaseCancerPopulation Differences: ConclusionConclusionChapter SummaryChapter 11: Human Adaptability to Physical Stressors p.201Limiting Factors, Tolerance and Environmental PhysiologyLaw of ToleranceEnvironmental PhysiologyIndividual Level Changes: Behavioral AdaptationsIndividual Level Changes: Physiological AdaptationsIndividual Level Changes: AcclimatizationIndividual Level Changes: Developmental AdaptationsPopulation Level Changes: Cultural AdaptationsPopulation Level Changes: Demographic AdjustmentsPopulation Level Changes: Genetic AdaptationsHuman AdaptabilityThe "Single-Stressor" ModelEssential and Key ResourcesProperties of Stressors and ResponsesLimitations of the Single Stressor ModelAdaptation to Cold and HeatThermoregulationMetabolismRadiationConductionConvectionEvaporationHeat Balance EquationCold AdaptationBehavioral and Cultural Adaptations to ColdBiological Responses to Cold ExposureMetabolic Adjustments to Cold ExposureHabituation Responses to Moderate ColdPeripheral Cold ExposureAdaptive Consequences of Cold StressHeat AdaptationHot-Dry EnvironmentsBehavioral and Cultural Adaptations to Dry HeatBiological Responses to Dry Heat ExposureHeat TransferVascular ResponsesSweatingAcclimatization and Individual Differences in Heat AdaptationWarm-Humid EnvironmentsBehavioral and Cultural Adaptations to Humid HeatBiological Responses to Humid Heat ExposureConclusion to ThermoregulationAdaptation to High AltitudeBehavioral and Cultural Adaptations to HypoxiaBiological Adaptations to HypoxiaVentilationOxygen Movement from Lungs to BloodCirculationTissue and Cellular AdaptationsPopulation Differences in Adaptability to High Altitude HypoxiaAndean Population AdaptationsTibetan Population AdaptationsHigh Activity LevelsThe Requirements of WorkBehavioral and Cultural Adjustments to High Work LoadsBiological Adaptations to High Work LoadsPhysical FitnessAerobic CapacityTypes of Muscle FibersAdaptive Consequences of Work CapacityFactors Affecting Work RequirementsImpact of ModernizationConclusionChapter SummaryChapter 12: Human Adaptability to Biological Stressors p.226MalnutritionFood Versus NutrientsTypes of NutrientsMacronutrientsMicronutrientsProtein-Calorie MalnutritionProtein DeficiencyProtein Quality of FoodsGlobal View of Protein DeficiencyThe Biology of Protein DeficiencyProtein-Calorie Malnutrition: Total UndernutritionEnergy ReservesAdaptations to PCM: The Cori CycleResponses to Prolonged UndernutritionEvolution and Adaptations to PCMMicronutrient DeficienciesVitamin DeficienciesVitamin AThiamine (Vitamin B1)Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)Niacin (Vitamin B3)Other B VitaminsAscorbic Acid (Vitamin C)Vitamin DElectrolyte and Mineral DeficienciesElectrolytesIronIodineCalciumOvernutritionConclusion: MalnutritionInfectious Diseases Host-Parasite RelationshipsEvolution and VirulenceConsiderations in Disease TransmissionVector Borne DiseasesVectorsMalariaMalaria TransmissionAdaptations to MalariaSchistosomiasisDirect Contact DiseasesConditions for Transfer of PathogensEbolaMeaslesInfluenzaVirgin Soil EpidemicsDiseases Due to Intimate ContactTreponemal DiseasesHIV/AIDSPoor Sanitation DiseasesAscarisCholeraBalancing Immune Protection and Immune DamageConclusion: Infectious DiseasesGeneral Conclusion: The Impact of Biological Stressors on Human BiologyChapter SummaryChapter 13: Human Biology in the Modern World p.251Possible Reduced Selective ForcesThe Accumulation of Minor Genetic ProblemsMyopiaDental CariesCan Cumulative Minor Effects Lead to Bigger Problems?Reduced Selection Due to Medical InterventionsType 1 Diabetes MellitusPhenylketonuriaCystic FibrosisMagnitude of the ProblemGenetic EngineeringGeneral StressThe Nature of General StressStress DefinedStress TheoriesThe Systemic General Stress ResponseThe Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) AxisThe Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM) AxisThe Causes of General StressStress at the Cellular LevelEffects of the General Stress ResponseStress and Heart DiseaseStress and HypertensionStress and Other Chronic DiseasesAdiposity and Obesity: Are We Eating Ourselves to Death?The Obesity EpidemicThe Causes of Increased AdiposityGenes and EnvironmentProximate Causes of ObesityDevelopment and ObesityInflammation and ObesityThe Effects of Increased AdiposityThe Metabolic SyndromeType 2 DiabetesCardiovascular DiseasePollution: The Fouling of the EnvironmentAir PollutionSmokeSmogChemicals in Air PollutionParticulates in Air PollutionThe Health Effects of Air PollutionWater PollutionAgricultural Sources of Water PollutionHealth Effects of Water PollutionSolid Waste PollutionPollution and Human VariationConclusion Chapter SummaryChapter 14: Human Biological Variation: A Look to the Future and Some Final Thoughts on Ethics p.274Human Biology in the FutureAn Individual Level View of Future Human BiologyThe Future of Human Population VariabilityGenetic Variability in Our SpeciesPopulation Variability in the FutureSpace ColoniesHuman Biobehavioral VariabilityFinal Thoughts on the Ethics of Human Biology ResearchPrevention of Harm to the Individual ParticipantHuntington's DiseaseConfidentialityJob and Insurance ConcernsHuman Subject Committees and IRBsPrevention of Harm to CommunitiesAnthropology and EthicsHeterogeneity of Culture and of CommunitiesWhat is Normal?Health as NormalityBiological Characteristics and NormalityEthics and Notions of NormalityDisability RightsVariation Is NaturalChapter Summary.