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Full Description
The present crude oil and natural gas reservoirs around the world have depleted conventional production levels. To continue enhancing productivity for the remaining mature reservoirs, drilling decision-makers could no longer rely on traditional balanced or overbalanced methods of drilling. Derived from conventional air drilling, underbalanced drilling is increasingly necessary to meet today's energy and drilling needs. While more costly and extreme, underbalanced drilling can minimize pressure within the formation, increase drilling rate of penetration, reduce formation damage and lost circulation, making mature reservoirs once again viable and more productive. To further explain this essential drilling procedure, Bill Rehm, an experienced legend in drilling along with his co-editors, has compiled a handbook perfect for the drilling supervisor. Underbalanced Drilling: Limits and Extremes, written under the auspices of the IADC Technical Publications Committee, contain many great features and contributions including: Real case studies shared by major service companies to give the reader guidelines on what might happen in actual operationsQuestions and answers at the end of the chapters for upcoming engineers to test their knowledgeCommon procedures, typical and special equipment involved, and most importantly, the limits and challenges that still surround this technology
Contents
List of FiguresList of TablesForewordPreface1 Piping Codes, Standards, and Specifications1.1 Introduction1.2 Definitions1.3 Codes1.3.1 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler Pressure Vessel Codes1.3.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31, Codes for Pressure Piping1.4 Standards and Specifications1.4.1 American Society of Mechanical Engineers1.4.2 American Petroleum Institute1.4.3 American Society for Testing and Materials1.4.4 American Society for Nondestructive Testing1.4.5 American Society for Quality1.4.6 American Welding Society1.4.7 American Water Works Association1.4.8 Copper Development Association1.4.9 Compressed Gas Association1.4.10 Canadian Standards Association1.4.11 Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association1.4.12 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry1.4.13 National Association of Corrosion Engineers1.4.14 National Fire Protection Association1.4.15 Pipe Fabrication Institute1.4.16 Society of Automotive Engineers2 Piping Components2.1 Introduction to Piping Components2.2 Pipe2.2.1 Pipe Sizes2.2.2 Pipe Ends2.3 Pipe Fittings2.3.1 Butt-Weld End Fittings2.3.2 Socket-Weld and Threaded-End Fittings2.3.3 Flanged Joints2.4 Valves2.4.1 Valve Codes and Standards2.4.2 Classification of Operation Valves2.4.3 Valve Classification2.4.4 Valve Components2.5 Bolts and Gaskets (Fasteners and Sealing Elements)2.5.1 The Process of Joint Integrity2.5.2 Flange Joint Components2.5.3 The Flanged Joint System3 Metallic Materials for Piping Components3.1 Properties of Piping Materials3.1.1 Chemical Properties of Metals3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Metals3.1.3 Elongation and Reduction of Area3.1.4 Physical Properties of Metals3.2 Metallic Materials3.3 Alloying of Steel3.4 Types of Steel3.4.1 Mild (Low-Carbon) Steel3.4.2 Medium-Carbon Steel3.4.3 High-Carbon Steel3.4.4 High-Tensile Steel3.4.5 Stainless Steel3.5 Steel Heat-Treating Methods3.5.1 Annealing3.5.2 Normalizing3.5.3 Hardening3.5.4 Tempering3.6 Nonferrous Metals in Alloying3.7 Material Specifications3.7.1 American Society for Testing and Materials3.7.2 Unified Numbering System of Ferrous Metals and Alloys4 Roles and Responsibilities4.1 The Lead Piping Engineer4.2 Piping Materials Engineering Group4.2.1 Project Lead Piping Materials Engineer4.2.2 Senior Piping Materials Engineer4.3 Piping Design Group4.3.1 Project Piping Area/Unit Supervisor (Squad Boss)4.3.2 Project Piping CAD Coordinator4.3.3 Project Piping Designers-Checkers4.4 Piping Materials Control Group4.4.1 Project Lead Piping Materials Controller4.4.2 Project Piping Materials Controller4.5 Piping Stress Engineering Group4.5.1 Project Lead Piping Stress Engineer4.5.2 Project Piping Stress Engineer4.6 Other Engineering Disciplines Involved4.6.1 Process Engineering4.6.2 Mechanical Engineering4.6.3 Instrument Engineering4.6.4 Civil Engineering4.6.5 Structural Engineering5 Projects5.1 Project Types5.2 Project Phases5.2.1 Feasibility Phase5.2.2 Conception Phase5.2.3 Front-End Engineering Development Phase5.2.4 Detailed Engineering Phase5.2.5 Construction Phase5.2.6 Precommissioning and Commissioning Phase5.2.7 Startup and Handover to the Owner6 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection6.1 Codes and Standards Considerations6.2 Fabrication Materials for Piping Systems6.3 Fabrication Drawings6.4 Fabrication Activities6.4.1 Cutting6.4.2 Beveling6.4.3 Forming6.4.4 Bending6.5 Welding6.5.1 Welding Processes6.5.2 Preheating6.5.3 Heat Treatment6.6 Brazing and Soldering6.7 Protection of Carbon Steel in Corrosive Services6.7.1 Corrosion Allowance6.7.2 Internal Galvanizing of Pipe and Piping Systems6.7.3 Pipe Cladding6.8 Assembly and Erection6.8.1 Alignment6.8.2 Flanged Joints6.8.3 Threaded Joints7 Inspection and Testing7.1 Piping Codes7.2 Types of Examination7.2.1 Visual Examination7.2.2 Liquid Penetrant Examination7.2.3 Magnetic Particle Examination7.2.4 Radiographic Examination7.2.5 Ultrasonic Examination7.3 Testing of Piping Systems7.3.1 Some Limitations on the Pressure Testing of Piping Systems7.3.2 Special Provisions for Testing7.3.3 Preparation for Leak Test7.4 Leak-Testing Methods7.4.1 Hydrostatic Leak Test7.4.2 Pneumatic Leak Test7.4.3 Combination Hydrostatic-Pneumatic Leak Test7.4.4 Initial Service Leak Testing7.5 Choice of Testing Medium7.6 Test Pack7.7 Punch ListA Listed MaterialA.0.1 Ferrous MetalsA.0.2 Nonferrous MaterialA.1 American Petroleum InstituteB General Engineering DataIndex
